党的执政环境和执政能力良性互动的透视

新形势下,全面提高党的建设科学化水平,就必须切实提高党的执政能力,改善党的执政环境.执政环境的优化和执政能力的增强是辩证统一、相互促进的统一体.党在执政过程中面临着严峻复杂的执政环境,而优化党的执政环境是提高执政能力的基石,同时执政能力对执政环境也有着重要的能动作用.面对党加强自身执政能力建设的任务,就必须对党的执政环境进行有效的优化和改善.     

论碳排放权的法律属性

《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《联合气候变化框架公约的京都议定书》所创设的碳交易在形式上为碳排放量交易,其背后的理论基础为碳排放权。科斯的环境产权理论要求我们应对环境容量资源进行产权界定。从法律视角考察的碳排放权一方面具有环境权的属性,另一方面又具有财产权的属性。碳排放权的这两种属性在实现环境资源可持续发展的终极目标方面是辩证统一的。     

民主巩固与国家能力——基于国家能力对于民主化进程影响的分析

在近代以来的多次民主化浪潮中,除少数国家之外,多数国家的民主转型和民主化进程都是一波三折,民主巩固艰难.其原因固然众多,但缺少应对和解决民主化进程中所面对的一系列问题的国家能力显然是其中非常关键的因素.本文认为,新民主政权只有有效解决转型问题、控制转型秩序、提升民主质量、促进民主文化形成,才能保障民主转型,走向民主巩固.     

Uneven institutional configurations and sectoral variation in China's socialist market economy: a comparative study of three pillar industries

By comparing three Chinese pillar industries, automobile, petroleum, and machinery, this paper analyzes how the development of uneven institutional configurations bred sectoral variation in transitional China. In 1994, at the dawn of the Chinese socialist market economy, the State Council issued guidelines for national industrial policy and proposed the enactment of similar growth-promoting policies for all pillar industries. The level of policy enactment and the resulting outcomes, however, vary significantly across the industries. Previous literature on China's rapid industrialization has sought to build a single model encompassing China as a whole, and has emphasized either the state's institutional capacity or China's unique governance mechanisms. This study investigates China's industrialization by taking account of the uneven development of institutional capacity amid macro institutional reforms. Every idea and institution evolved at a different pace in these reforms, and the incremental nature of the reforms further deepened the gaps between sectors. This paper argues that, due to this uneven development, the Chinese state was not strong enough to be considered a developmental state until at least the early 2000s.     

The Australian Public Service and Policy Advising: Meeting the Challenges of 21st Century Governance

This concluding article summarises the case study findings comprising the Special Issue on ‘Advising Australian Federal Governments: Assessing the Evolving Capacity and Role of the Australian Public Service’, identifies and discusses cross‐cutting issues, and considers strategic implications for future practice and research. It reviews key findings from six case studies – Treasury, Prime Minister and Cabinet, Intergovernmental Relations, Housing, the BER Stimulus program, and Defence – and assesses the policy advising capacity of the Australian Public Service, with a focus on the policy‐political interface between governments and officials. Putting recent experience in historical context, it considers the performance of the Commonwealth's policy advisory system, the impact of prime ministers and centralisation, the link between advising and analytic capacities, the system's resilience and readiness, whether recent dissatisfaction over APS advising reflect lack of capacity or a culture clash, and the responsibility for ensuring high‐quality policy advice. It recommends developing a more systematic approach to assessing policy advising capability, building on recent APS reforms.     

Assessing the Capacity to Deliver – The BER Experience

This article uses the education sector to explore the ability of successive Commonwealth governments to more directly intervene and engage in areas traditionally the responsibility of state and territory jurisdictions. The APS continues to battle against a lack of street‐level knowledge to help structure delivery, including effective feedback and sense‐making mechanisms. While the overall thrust of policy intent might be achievable and even laudable, the potential for success is undermined by structural imbalances, suspicion and information and power asymmetry. BER exemplifies a growing problem in the capacity of the APS to act as a system manager, able to strategically conceptualise and leverage actors, resources and processes to achieve political outcomes. APS capacity to deliver Commonwealth policy intent reliant on inter‐jurisdictional delivery remains a dilemma for advisory capacity and confounds the interventionist ambitions of Commonwealth ministers and exposes them to serious criticisms about their administrative competence.     

富人治村与乡镇的治理逻辑

当前普通农业型村庄的富人治村状况和乡镇治理能力表明,当前的富人治村与传统社会的乡绅治村截然不同,前者更多的是一种行政逻辑,很少积极主动地回应村庄内部的治理需求;后者则是一种自治逻辑,是基于乡村社会内生秩序与治理需求的考虑。相应地,依赖富人治村的乡镇治理逻辑已不再是与传统乡绅治村相适应的简约治理逻辑,而是一种治理逻辑,即依赖富人治村只是乡镇应对其治理能力衰弱,以实现各类行政和治理目标的策略。     

未成年限制民事行为能力人相关法律制度的思考

近年来,随着我国生活水平的提高,义务教育的普及,未成年人也频繁地参与民事活动日益。我国现行的民事行为能力制度中没有完善的规定,由此民事纠纷而引发的民事案件日益增多。建议根据我国的实际情况降低限制民事行为能力人的年龄线为7岁,细化规定行为能力范围,增加有关欺诈手段订立合同的条款,赋予追认权。     

内部能力、企业竞争力和企业资源最优配置——一个理论模型（AMEC模型）

传统的企业竞争力模型缺乏对系统的界定,混淆企业竞争力与企业能力的界限。本文通过引入波特的竞争模型,提出一个多层次企业竞争力模型（AMEC①）。模型分为外部竞争子模型、企业能力子模型和企业竞争力公式三个部分,基于系统分层界定企业竞争力,通过结合企业外部竞争和内部能力两个因素推导出企业竞争力公式;并在系统利益既定的情况下,推导出基于企业竞争力的利益分配公式和基于企业内部能力的利益分配公式,得出一个企、止资源最优配置的路径．最后给出一个企业资源最佳配置的实例。     

不完全行为能力人侵权责任构成之检讨

依立法者原意,我国侵权责任法第32条第2款系规定被监护人对受害人的无过错责任,且排除责任能力制度的引入。但此种规定过于偏惠受害人,对被监护人不公,不利于未成年人保护,与同法第33条发生评价上矛盾,与比较法上认识不合,实为法政策上失误。故应采客观解释,认为该款仅规制监护人与被监护人之间的内部求偿关系,被监护人责任之构成,则应适用第6条第1款之一般过错责任。至于责任能力制度之阙如,可以过错概念之操作暂时弥补其不足。监护人责任之基础,在于监护义务之违反,性质上属于自己责任、独立责任。监护人责任之构成适用第32条第1款之无过错责任,悖于立法目的,且与同法第9条第2款发生评价上之矛盾,自立法论而言,以改采过错推定为宜。解释论上,只能充分利用同条第1款后段之责任减轻规范,扩张监护人之责任阻却事由,对"行为人致人损害"要件作严格认定(尤其是要求行为人须具备客观过错),稍作弥补。此外,无论是监护人还是被监护人,都可能依特定要件,向受害人承担同法第24条之公平责任。在对受害人之关系上,监护人与被监护人承担连带责任。