网络规制立法问题研究——以言论自由保护为视角

在网络规制过程中,既要实现秩序与安全又要保障公民的言论自由.以言论自由保护为视角观察我国网络规制立法存在的问题会发现,目前,在网络规制立法领域存在立法层级低、立法主体混乱以及立法程序欠缺民主要素等问题.本文分析了网络规制立法的必要性以及存在的问题,并提出了相关的解决思路.     

以实质公平理念规制契约自由——以格式合同为例证

吉尔莫所谓的契约之死,无非是契约自由的丧失,也即和契约正义"合体"的契约自由的丧失。契约自由与契约正义由"合体"走向背离,是因着"主体平等"和"完全自由市场"在垄断的语境下不复存在。格式合同的出现成了契约自由背离契约正义的典型例证。在格式合同中,合意和选择失去了意义,契约自由背离了契约正义从而走向了形式正义的泥沼。将实质公平理念引入契约自由原则,或许能带来契约的再生。以实质公平理念规制格式合同,通过国家干预性质的立法、司法和行政手段实现格式合同中自由与正义的"合体"。本文以格式合同的典型司法案例为例证,研究了如何将经济法关于实质公平的价值理念引入格式合同的民商事审判,以探索一条如何达致契约自由与契约正义新的"合体"以及契约自由再生的司法实践路径。     

法律价值再检讨:以自由为视角

通过概念金字塔对法律价值的问题史进行梳理是研究法律价值的传统进路。然而,法律是一种实践性的存在,对法律价值的认识应跳出"主体-客体"的研究范式。对法律价值的检讨可以基于自由要素展开。首先,从个体自由出发检讨个人主义在法律价值问题上从身份到契约的转变过程。其次,追问社会契约论视角下国家共同体建构问题是证明个人自由的实效性,以及检验共同体正当性的可行路径。而法律价值如何涵摄人权价值是探讨个体自由不可或缺的一环。     

Oversight Effectiveness and Political Will: Some Lessons from West Africa

The purpose of the present note is to advance two theoretical claims. The first claim proposed is that the impact of the availability of oversight tools and of the most broadly understood legislative capacity (availability of material, technical, financial resources; availability of well-trained staff) on the effectiveness with which legislative oversight is performed is conditional. The second claim put forward, after reviewing a rich body of work on executive–legislative relations and legislative oversight in West Africa, is that, of the various conditions that promote or prevent the effective use of oversight tools and capacity, political will is the single most important. These claims have both theoretical and practical relevance, for if political will is as important as is claimed for the effective performance of the oversight function, then international organisations may have to reconsider their approach to legislative strengthening.     

公司章程效力探析

公司章程的效力问题一直是司法实践中的难题,从现行法律规定出发,就公司章程对于公司设立的效力,公司章程的应当记载事项和任意记载事项,公司章程的违法性认定以及有限责任公司章程个别化思考阐述公司章程的效力问题。     

A Better Press: A Response to John Lloyd's ‘Regulate Yourself’

Writing recently in The Political Quarterly, the journalist John Lloyd took issue with regulatory remedies for ‘bad journalism’ in the United Kingdom that were proposed by the Leveson inquiry of 2011–12 and endorsed by Parliament in 2013 in the form of a Royal Charter. State action will fail, he asserted, because only journalists can change journalism, and he urged British journalists to undertake this transformation. This response argues that Lloyd dismisses the Leveson process too lightly and takes too little account of the many victims of press abuses, who are entitled to better protection. A decent society had to do something about this, and the Leveson Charter process was a measured and constructive response that offers the best hope of higher press standards and of protection for ordinary citizens while safeguarding freedom of expression for journalists. Lloyd's proposal for action by journalists, by contrast, is impractical, not least because it ignores powerful forces preventing journalists from taking control.     

Legislative oversight in Nigeria: an empirical review and assessment

This article builds upon and extends the analyses presented by Fashagba (2009) and drills down on the analyses of oversight in Nigeria presented by Pelizzo and Stapenhurst (2014). It presents more nuanced findings. Based on an in-country document search and 45 personal interviews with politicians, parliamentary staff, civil society representatives and journalists, the article demonstrates that the Nigerian National Assembly possesses the tools and constitutional powers to undertake oversight; what it lacks so far is the political will of National Assembly representatives and senators to use these tools and powers effectively.     

论由区分所有权人连带赔偿高空抛物所致损害的法律障碍——兼评《中国民法典草案侵权责任法编》第56条

我国侵权法草案规定侵权人不明的高空抛物致人损害,由“不能证明自己没有过错的建筑物使用人”连带承担全部赔偿责任。这实质上是对建筑物区分所有权人设定了一种对其在住宅内的行为随时举证证明的义务。这种对建筑物区分所有权人自由权利的限制和负担,无法解释和证成其正当性。建筑物区分所有权人实施的抛物行为是其承担侵权责任的根据,侵权行为人不明,受害人就无法按照侵权法获得赔偿。区分所有权人相互之间的监督义务和协助查找义务以及作证义务,乃公法上的义务;以此为根据要求其对受害人承担连带侵权责任,违反了法律关系理论的基本原理。要求建筑物区分所有权人证明没有实施抛物行为,违背了未发生的事实无法证明的证据法原理。推定所有可能实施侵权行为的人实际实施了侵权行为,违背了违法行为不能推定的侵权法原理。所以该条应该删除。     

马克思主义的根本目的是实现人的自由和发展

马克思主义创始人将其所有理论、实践活动的最高目标确定为谋求人的自由、解放和发展,明确提出未来新社会应该是每个人全面自由发展的社会形式。人是社会的主体,只有人得到自由、解放和发展,才能推动社会进一步发展。我国社会主义现代化建设就是要把人从旧体制下解放出来,改变不合理的规章制度,为人的发展创造充分的条件。     

University mission and academic freedom: Are they irreconcilable?

Educational freedom, rightly understood, depends upon the freedom to shape - and (for individuals) to choose to study in or teach in - distinctive educational institutions. This implies an obligation upon faculty who have chosen to commit themselves to such an institution to teach in a way that engages positively with its educational project. Policies which provide scope and encouragement for schools and universities to represent distinctive and coherent viewpoints are an essential condition of educational freedom in a pluralistic society. These issues are discussed with reference to the ‘values project‘ of Free University in Amsterdam and to debates, in the Netherlands and the United States, over the distinctive character of schools. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.