《Japan Forum》2012,24(2):263-271

Abstract

During the 1980s, Tokyo saw a change in its pattern of development, from the wholesale rebuilding of actual neighborhoods to the manipulation of the visual environment and of the information provided thereby. Understanding cities as an apparatus or control system designed to manage the production and consumption of individuals, this article explores the significance of this shift towards the design of cities as a medium for information. Typified by the development of Shibuya, in the south-west of Tokyo, dominated in large part by the Parco department store, the city not only provided information, but itself became information and thereby a commodity to be consumed, evident in the emergence of magazines that constituted it as such. Cities thereby changed into an apparatus that sought to manage the totality of an individual's desires, also prompting a turn to semiotics as a way of comprehending the information city.  相似文献   

    

《Japan Forum》2012,24(2):287-300

Abstract

Shibuya in the 1970s became the scene for the emergence of a postmodern culture, wherein urban space was differentiated, staged and mediatised, so as to become an integrated advertising environment. This was enabled by and produced a particular geography, but was the result most directly of a conscious strategy on the part of Parco, its dominant retailer. The segmented area could therefore be consumed by its visitors, as women's magazines at the time were being consumed by their readers, with the reader and visitor simultaneously seeing and being seen within the new urban/media space. This article traces this process, emphasising the new kind of agency that was acquired by women in the process, but also the rapid disappearance of this new sense of possibility, constrained not only by the limits of consumerism and by a mid-1980s decline in consumption, but also from the more general uncertainty that became apparent towards the end of the decade. By the turn of the century, postmodern culture had disappeared in Tokyo. Inasmuch as Shibuya's earlier self can still be discovered in Taipei, Seoul and beyond, however, its lessons continue to resonate today.  相似文献   

    

《Japan Forum》2012,24(2):273-285

Abstract

With the advent of information society in the 1960, followed by the architectural mega-structures of the 1980s, Tokyo saw the emergence of a new kind of urban consciousness, where space was no longer experienced as something that divided up objects, but rather became adhesive and glue-like. In response to this, the 1980s also saw a turn to semiotics and a boom in discourse on the city, as intellectuals sought to find the artefacts and so piece together the natural history of the new urban environment. This article explores the significance of both developments, suggesting how the creation of an urban wunderkammer points to the baroque decay of the city itself. This decay is prefigured, the article suggests, by the city's origins as a swampy wetland, its status as the capital for an emperor who is both archaic and mortal, and the postwar standardization of housing, which permitted a family two children but no more. However hard the city strives through continuous redevelopment to evade its own ruin, it remains condemned to decay and haunted by ghosts.  相似文献   

    

《Japan Forum》2012,24(2):189-203

Abstract

Japanese women's history has been regarded as marginal to historical investigation for a long time. The subject hardly existed before 1945 and even after that date many academic historians were reluctant to accept women's history as a part of Japanese history. However, the social and political climate of the 1980s in particular, favourable in many ways to women, gave opportunities for Japanese women's historiography to promote itself and also brought the subject fuller academic recognition. Exciting and innovative research on Japanese women's history has been carried out over the past decade or so. Much of this has been conducted not only by ‘academic’ women's historians, but also by freelance writers, journalists and amateur historians, that is by people who have been less saddled with traditional historical methods and expectations. The study of Japanese women's history has now reached the point where the subject no longer requires justification.

This paper gives an overall picture of the development of Japanese women's historiography from about 1920 to 1985. It outlines major publications on the subject, which helped promote the standards of its scholarship, and evaluates these, making some comparison with Western counterparts. It discusses the most likely developments in the subject for the future.  相似文献   

    

《社会福利与家庭法律杂志》2012,34(1):125-135

This case note examines the Supreme Court's decision in Re E (Children) (Abduction: Custody Appeal) [2011] UKSC 27; [2011] 2 WLR 1326, in particular, its analysis of the interrelationship between the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the European Convention on Human Rights. The importance of the case lies primarily in its discussion of the European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber) decision Neulinger & Shuruk v. Switzerland [2011] 1 FLR 122 but also as the first Supreme Court decision to consider the interpretation of Article 13(b) of the 1980 Convention and as a useful confirmation of the Convention's compatibility with Article 3.1 of the UNCRC.  相似文献   

    

《社会福利与家庭法律杂志》2012,34(3-4):233-249

Significant developments have taken place over recent years in the legal and policy framework for children's participation in decision‐making and the role of advocacy within this context. Whilst there is much here to be welcomed, there are also emerging concerns about the nature and direction of advocacy for children and young people in public care. This paper draws on evidence from an empirical study of children's participation in statutory reviews—one of the key arenas for decision‐making relating to looked after children—in order to consider critical themes identifiable within the developing field of child advocacy.  相似文献   

    

《社会福利与家庭法律杂志》2012,34(2):137-152

This article analyses the role played by panel members in the Scottish Children's Hearings System. In particular, the article focuses on the ways in which panel members attempts to involve children in the decision‐making process by seeking their views. Section 46 of Part II of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 comes in for particular attention in this regard as it empowers panel members to clear the room in order to speak privately with the child. Based on interviews with 40 panel members, the article considers the use of discretion in relation to confidentiality and the general level of confidence in current policy given that the section, as currently drafted, requires disclosure to excluded parties of the substance of what has been said in their absence. The authors outline various ways in which panel members negotiate the interpretation of ‘substance’ and reveal significant areas of discomfort relating to their current practice and examine the Scottish Executive's proposals for reform.  相似文献   

    

《社会福利与家庭法律杂志》2012,34(4):416-436

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《社会福利与家庭法律杂志》2012,34(3):295-313

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《社会福利与家庭法律杂志》2012,34(2):99-120

Abstract

The government's current review of child representation suggests the administrative amalgamation of the court welfare and guardian ad litem services, and seeks consultation on the extension of children's rights under section 64 of the Family Law Act 1996. It also aims, overall, for ‘efficiency savings', the implication being that work is currently being done and roles performed unnecessarily. In the light of these questions, this article constructs the current systems for implementing children's rights in family proceedings, in both the public and private law contexts, to analyse the overall mechanisms by which the legal process ensures the child's potentially conflicting rights both to representation as an individual with personal views and also to welfare, which is an all-pervading but not necessarily easily discoverable end.

The interaction between personal rights to representation and the overall right to welfare has not been resolved at the level of theory or in practice and the project of children's rights risks abdication. Given that there is considerable overlap between the public and private law processes at the factual level, the forms of the process should be considered together to construct a system which functions overall; all the more so, as the government proposes to amalgamate the very different services which currently operate in each process. The search for the most satisfactory mechanisms requires clear statements of both the aims of the process and of the difficulties of practice, whether they be cultural resistance to legal rights within the private family or a lack of resources to implement ideals of justice for the family.  相似文献