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ANDREW SILKE 《Terrorism and Political Violence》2013,25(1-2):201-213
ABSTRACT Children are all too often the victims of terrorist conflicts and, as the Beslan school siege tragically illustrated, this victimisation can be extreme, deliberate and intentional. While all victims of terrorism attract a special interest, child victims unquestionably attract the most. Following this, how terrorist groups and governments initiate and react to violence which kills and maims children can play a major role in how conflicts are perceived and in how campaigns unfold. A failure to appreciate the critical issues surrounding the victimisation of children risks undermining perceived legitimacy, eroding wider support and increasing the backing opponents enjoy. Drawing on a variety of case studies, this article provides a review of how the victimisation of children has impacted in recent terrorist conflicts. Implications for policy and practice are highlighted. Haim Nahman Bialik, Al ha-Shehitah (1903)
Vengeance for the blood of a small child
Satan has not yet created
Notes
Marie-Therese Fay, Mike Morrissey and Marie Smyth, Northern Ireland's Troubles: The Human Costs (London: Pluto Press 1999). This is based on a list of attacks maintained by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Analysis of this list indicates that 446 people have been killed in suicide bombings between 9 Sep. 2000 and 18 Nov. 2003 (this death toll excludes the bombers). Seventy-Three of these victims have been seventeen years old or younger. The list is available at http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0ia50 Fay, Morrissey and Smyth (note 1) pp.187–188. See Amnesty International, Israel and the Occupied Territories and the Palestinian Authority Killing the Future: Children in the Line of Fire, http://web.amnesty.org/ai.nsf/Index/MDE151472002?OpenDocument & of=COUNTRIES/ISRAEL/OCCUPIED+TERRITORIES Alex Schmid, ‘Terrorism and the Media: Freedom of Information vs. Freedom from Intimidation’, in L. Howard, (ed), Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses (London: Praeger 1992) p.101. P. Nelson and J. Scott, ‘Terrorism and the Media: An Empirical Analysis’, Defence Economics 3/4 (1992) pp.329–339. A. Cota-McKinley, W. Woody, and P. Bell, ‘Vengeance: Effects of Gender, Age and Religious Background’, Aggressive Behavior 27 (2001) pp.343–350. Quote taken from p.343. C. Tudge, ‘Natural Born Killers’, New Scientist 174/2342 (2002) pp.36–39. S. Kim and R. Smith, ‘Revenge and Conflict Escalation’, Negotiation Journal vol.9, No.1 (1993) pp.37–43. Ibid., p.40. J. Shapland, J. Willmore, and P. Duff, Victims in the Criminal Justice System (London: Gower 1985). K. L'Armand and A. Pepitone, ‘Judgments of Rape: A Study of Victim-Rapist Relationship and Victim Sexual History’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin vol.8, No.2 (1982) pp.134–139. R. Shotland and L. Goodstein, ‘Sexual Precedence Reduces the Perceived Legitimacy of Sexual Refusal: An Examination of Attributions Concerning Date Rape and Consensual Sex’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18/6 (1992) pp.756–764. John Sabini, Social Psychology, 2nd edn, (London: Nortons & Company 1995). Don Radlauer, An Engineered Tragedy: Statistical Analysis of Casualties in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict September 2000 – June 2002, http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=439 Amnesty International (note 4). The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, Fatalities in the Al-Aqsa Intifada,: 29 Sept. 2000–7 November 2003, http://www.btselem.org/ Police Service of Northern Ireland, Security-Related Incidents 1969–2003, http://www.psni.police.uk David McKittrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney and Chris Thornton, Lost Lives (London: Mainstream Publishing 1999) p.144. Martin Dillon, The Enemy Within (London: Doubleday 1994) p.318. Quoted in Kevin Toolis, Rebel Hearts (London: Picador 1995) p.325. Quoted in Richard English, Armed Struggle: A History of the IRA (London: MacMillan 2003) p.378. Quoted in Brendan O'Brien, The Long War (Dublin: O'Brien Press 1993) pp.62–63. Eamon Collins (with M. McGovern), Killing Rage (London: Granta Books 1997) p.296. Quoted in Jonathan Stevenson, ‘“We Wrecked the Place”: Contemplating an End to the Northern Irish Troubles’ (London: Free Press 1996) p.172. Deborah Browne, ‘Examining the Impact of Terrorism on Children’, in Andrew Silke (ed), Terrorists, Victims and Society (London: Wiley 2003) pp.189–212. The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories (note 17). Ibid. BBC News Online, ‘Ex-security Chiefs Chide Israel’, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/32704491.stm Quoted in Peter Tsouras, Warriors' Words (London: Cassell 1992) p.70. 相似文献
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During disasters, partnerships between public and nonprofit organizations are vital to provide fast relief to affected communities. In this article, we develop a process model to support a performance evaluation of such intersectoral partnerships. The model includes input factors, organizational structures, outputs and the long‐term outcomes of public–nonprofit partnerships. These factors derive from theory and a systematic literature review of emergency, public, nonprofit, and network research. To adapt the model to a disaster context, we conducted a case study that examines public and nonprofit organizations that partnered during the 2010 Haiti earthquake. The case study results show that communication, trust, and experience are the most important partnership inputs; the most prevalent governance structure of public–nonprofit partnerships is a lead organization network. Time and quality measures should be considered to assess partnership outputs, and community, network, and organizational actor perspectives must be taken into account when evaluating partnership outcomes. 相似文献
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