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George Speckart M. Douglas Anglin Elizabeth Piper Besehenes 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》1989,5(1):33-56
Structural equation models are used to confirm the suppressive effects of legal sanctions, e.g., probation and parole, on narcotics use and property crime. Both concurrent and longitudinal effects of legal sanctions are tested within two different models, which together span the entire addiction career. The findings indicate that (1) the suppressive effects of legal sanctions are evident only when legal sanctions are operationalized as parole or probation officer contact where urine monitoring is utilized; (2) only concurrent suppressive effects are statistically significant, and longitudinal suppressive effects are not; (3) both narcotics use and property crime are suppressed by legal sanctions, although the latter is less responsive than the former to intervention by the criminal justice system; and (4) suppressive effects tend to be more pronounced later in the addiction career. The significance of the findings and the implications for criminological theory related to issues regarding surveillance effects are emphasized. 相似文献
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Advocates of restorative justice (RJ) argue that the process offers a more effective means of responding to crime than the
formal criminal justice system, and many studies have evaluated RJ positively across a variety of outcome measures, particularly
in comparison to court based procedures. However, the RJ literature contains few studies that directly test the factors affecting
RJ participants’ behaviours and experiences, so little is known about the specific factors that influence how, and for whom,
RJ works. In this paper, we argue that the expanded use of experimental laboratory methodologies will broaden and strengthen
our understanding of the basic mechanisms by which RJ operates. We describe some ways in which experimental laboratory research
may enhance understandings of apology in restorative settings as well as public support for RJ, and we emphasise the need
and the potential to overcome barriers of artificiality in laboratory settings. This analysis of laboratory methodologies
and the field of RJ research indicates that creative and well-designed experimental laboratory studies can advance knowledge
in this area, allowing researchers to investigate how particular components of RJ contribute to the success or failure of
RJ processes. 相似文献
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Criminological studies have found that men’s and women’s pathways to imprisonment differ, with risk factors such as substance abuse, mental illness, socioeconomic circumstances and past victimisation more strongly associated with female prisoners. However, limited quantitative or longitudinal research exists on how the risk factors associated with female offending may have shifted over time. This article investigates the criminal careers and pathways to imprisonment of 6,042 women incarcerated in Victoria between 1860 and 1920, and the risk factors associated with subsequent recidivism. The findings suggest that, while many of today’s risk factors were present historically, there have been notable shifts across time. 相似文献
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Alana Piper 《澳大利亚政治与历史杂志》2017,63(1):139-140
Shackled: Female Convicts at Moreton Bay, 1826–1839. By Jennifer Harrison (Collins Street East, Anchor Books Australia, 2016), pp.x + 271. Twenty‐three Illustrations. Three Tables. AU$34.95 (pb). 相似文献
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Alana Barton 《Liverpool Law Review》2000,22(2-3):157-171
This paper explores the way in which unruly or `deviant' women have historically been subjected to various strategies and mechanisms of control, designed to regulate and reform them back to the acceptable and appropriate standards of femininity from which they were perceived to have strayed. In particular the way in which `semi-penal' institutions were utilised for this purpose is examined. It is argued that `semi-penal' institutions such as refuges, reformatories and homes, occupied a unique position within the social control continuum, somewhere between the formal regulation of the prison and
the informal control of the domestic or communal sphere. What made them particularly unique was the way in which they managed
to combine both formal and informal methods of control in order to produce feminising regimes, aimed at reforming recalcitrant women into respectable, gendered subjects. In addition, these institutions had the effect of `widening the net' of control for women, establishing an all-encompassing system of surveillance which was at once punitive and reformative. To facilitate this analysis, five groups of women have been identified; prostitutes, criminals, the `wayward', inebriates and the `feeble-minded'. The specific methods utilised to control and reform each of these groups will be discussed along with the themes of continuity
which serve to synthesize the history of the treatment of such women.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Alana Lentin 《Feminist Legal Studies》2011,19(2):159-168
Despite the resistance from radical antiracist formations, autonomously organised by racialized minorities and migrants themselves,
that can be witnessed in many spaces, the success with which antiracism has been both appropriated and relativized by the
state as well as hegemonic activist voices poses a significant threat. The politics of diversity and the consensus around
the notion that western societies are post-race contribute to portraying the critique of racism from people of colour as inaccurate,
alienating and counter-productive to the achievement of social cohesion. The necessity of dismantling the idea of race as
suggested by antiracist activists and scholars has been subverted in the deconstruction of the experience of racism by an
‘antiracialist’—rather than a more radical antiracist—agenda intent on relativizing the struggle against racism as one among
many. The consequence of this in the context of postracialism is for racism itself to be departicularized and dissociated
from its historical roots. Antiracism needs to reclaim the risk, that Goldberg argues is inherent to it, and rescue it from
being universalised into meaninglessness. 相似文献