Bolt from the Blue or Avoidable Failure? Revisiting September 11 and the Origins of Strategic Surprise

Drawing on the strategic surprise, warning-response, and foreign policy literature, this article argues that the September 11 terror attacks should be regarded as a strategic surprise and examines a number of key factors that contributed to vulnerability and inhibited vigilance. Three broad explanatory "cuts" derived from the literature—psychological, bureau-organizational, and agenda-political—are deployed to sift through the rapidly expanding empirical record in an effort to shed light on the processes and contextual factors that left the United States vulnerable to the attacks. The article aims to improve our understanding of generic processes and practices that enhance or detract from vulnerability and vigilance.     

Entziehung der Gemeinnützigkeit – keine Normbedenken

§ 36 Abs 1 WGG ist verfassungsrechtlich unbedenklich. Auch gegen § 35 Abs 2 WGG bestehen keine verfassungsrechtlichen Bedenken. Diese Gesetzesstelle ist in einem Verfahren betreffend Entziehung der Gemeinnützigkeit nicht pr?judiziell.     

Entstehen der Gebührenschuld für einen Bestandvertrag auch ohne Unterfertigung der Inventarliste

Die Anzeigefrist ist vom Tag der (beiderseitigen) Unterfertigung des Bestandvertrages des alle essentialia enthaltenen Bestandvertrages an zu rechnen und nicht erst ab dem Tag der Unterfertigung der Inventarliste, mag diese auch nach der Parteienvereinbarung einen integrierenden Vertragsbestandteil bilden. Mehrfacher Gebührenanfall (Gleichschriftengebühr) bei versp?teter Gebührenanzeige.     

Reviews

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Hugh Seton‐Watson, The Imperialist Revolutionaries: Trends in World Communism in the 1960s and 1970s. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1979. x + 157 pp. $6.95.

Egbert Jahn (ed.), Soviet Foreign Policy: Its Social and Economic Conditions. London: Allison and Busby, 1978. 160 pp. £6.50.

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David H. Howard, The Disequilibrium Model in a Controlled Economy, Farnborough: Lexington Books, 1980. x + 112 pp. £9.50/$20.50.

Felicity Ann O'Dell, Socialisation through children's literature: The Soviet example, Cambridge: Cambride University Press, 1978, x + 277 pp. £14.00.

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Jan Tomasz Gross, Polish Society under German Occupation: The General‐gouvernement, 1939–1944, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1979. xviii + 343 pp. £11.00