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Economic Change and Restructuring - The presented article follows the research mainstream of econometric analyses focused on the assessment of correlations between youth unemployment rate and... 相似文献
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Trzcińska BM 《Journal of forensic sciences》2006,51(4):919-924
Differentiating between black powder toners used in laser printers and copiers can be challenging for forensic examiners. One hundred and sixty-two samples from 82 different types of cartridges produced by 21 manufacturers that are currently available on the Polish market were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The spectra obtained by these two methods were classified into 14 groups and 28 groups using FT-IR and XRF, respectively. These classifications served as a basis for the development of an analytical scheme for differentiating black powder toners. This scheme can be used with any two methods that supply different information about an examined sample. The research will show that if two samples are similar in polymer composition (e.g., FT-IR spectra), additional quantitative elemental composition from XRF analyses may provide more discrimination. It was possible to differentiate 82.5% pairs of examined samples using only FT-IR, 90.8% pairs of examined samples using only XRF, and 95.8% pairs of examined samples using these two methods. Obtained spectra and all the available information could be used to create/build a database. The results obtained confirm the multiplicity and compatibility of toners. Additionally, it was stated that not all the samples were original (OEM). 相似文献
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This article examines the idea that residential minimum parking requirements are associated with lower housing and population densities and higher vehicle densities (residential vehicles per square mile). Cities frequently use minimum parking requirements to manage traffic, but parking requirements accommodate vehicles, suggesting they should lead to more driving and congestion rather than less. If parking requirements reduce congestion, they likely do so not by reducing the number of vehicles in an area but by reducing the densities of housing and people. We support this idea by comparing the Los Angeles and New York urbanized areas. We show that differences in housing, vehicle, and population densities across and within these urbanized areas are closely correlated with differences in the share of housing units that include parking, and that the share of housing units that include parking is in turn correlated with the stringency of parking requirements. Compared with Los Angeles, New York shifts less of the cost of driving into its housing market. We further show that within New York City, a 10% increase in minimum parking requirements is associated with a 5% increase in vehicles per square mile, a 4% increase in vehicles per person, and a 6% reduction in both population density and housing density. These relationships remain even after controlling for street layout and proximity to the subway. 相似文献
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Majone Steketee Beata Gruszczyńska 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2010,16(2):111-125
This article presents the results of the study conducted in six new member states that joined the European Union in 2004 (This
article is based on the report “Juvenile delinquency in six new EU member states’, 2008. Participant and co-authors where
Jiri Burianek from the Charles University in Prague, Bojan Dekleva from the University of Ljubljana, Andreas Karpadis from
the University of Cyprus, Beata Gruszczyńska from the Warsaw University & Institute of Justice of Poland, Vidas Kalpokas from
the Law Institute of Lithuania, Anna Markina from the Uni-versity of Tartu and Majone Steketee and Marit Moll from the Verwey-Jonker
Institute) (The study has been financially supported by the European Coomunity-Daphne-2 Programme to Combat Violence against
Children, Young People and Women.). Five former eastern European countries; the Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland,
Slovenia and Cyprus, a southern European country and former British colony in the eastern Mediterranean. Often little is known
about the prevalence of youth delinquency in these countries, let alone in a trans-national comparison. In this study we examined
the variability in patterns of self-reported youth delinquency behaviour and the relative ranking of the prevalence of different
types of juvenile delinquency. We also tested whether a number of sociological and criminological theories on prevalence and
occurrence of youth delinquency are valid in these six countries. 相似文献
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Beata Z. Gruszczyńska Markku Heiskanen 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2012,18(1):83-102
This article presents 10-year trends (1998–2007) on some common crimes: homicide, assault, rape, robbery, car theft, domestic
burglary and drug offences. In addition, a few less common offences in police statistics, such as money laundering, corruption,
offences against computer data and systems are discussed, even though trends of these crimes are not available. Trends are
shown from Western, Central and Eastern Europe, where significant sociopolitical changes have occurred. Although police data
actually describes more the recording practices of the officials than the amount of crime, police data is highly valuable
for research purposes. Most countries continuously collect information about police activity, and the police is mostly the
starting point for proceeding with a case in the criminal justice system. In the USA, all common offences recorded by the
police have decreased during the recent years. In Europe, property crimes, homicide and robbery have decreased in most countries,
but violence and drug crimes have increased. According to the crime victim surveys, the increase in assault cannot be explained
by the increasing reporting activity of victims; the increase seems real. The level of crime differs considerably in different
areas: for instance, homicide is most common in Eastern Europe, but assault is much higher in Western Europe. 相似文献
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Juraj Nemec Beata Meriakova 《美中公共管理》2010,(4):1-11,29
In our paper, we focus on how local self-governments perform in the delivery of local public services to citizen. The paper is based on concrete data, collected from 200l to 2008 by our research team, including following services--waste collection and disposal, street maintenance, public green, public lighting, cemeteries. Local self-governments are responsible for a large number of public services and their share in total public expenditures is almost 7%. However, our concrete data for evaluated services clearly show that large decentralization did not deliver immediate results and much remains to be done to improve the processes of local service delivery. The problems are not so much connected with existing legislation, but the core issue is the quality and effectiveness of functioning of all involved institutions. Outsourcing decisions are not well ex-ante reviewed, neither ex-post comprehensively evaluated for their outcomes and results. In many cases, competitive tendering is not used to get the best bid. The main purposes for such situation are lack of accountability and compliance control, the most important corrective measures are proposed in the last part of the paper. 相似文献
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The prevalence and types of crime offences, as well as predictors of relapse, among drivers suspected of driving under influence (DUI) were investigated. A total of 1830 Swedish DUI drivers responded to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test — AUDIT. Information about previous DUI offences, other traffic offences along with other types of criminal offences was taken from a crime register. A total criminality (including all traffic offences) of 64% in the period of five years before investigation was analyzed. 40% of the sample had other criminality besides traffic violations during that period. 14.3% of the drivers relapsed to DUI in the two-year period after the investigation. In terms of DUI relapse, the following factors were the main predictors: previous traffic violations, previous DUI offences, previous other criminality (frauds or other acts of dishonesty) and detection hours between 12.00 and 19.00. Detection in general traffic controls and high BAC (blood alcohol concentration) when detected were the strongest factors with negative correlation to DUI re-offence. 相似文献
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