Changes in immigration policy and legislation have the power to shape and alter the gendering of migration in significant ways, and can have a dramatic effect on the lives and relationships of the men, women and families involved. In this paper, we examine the provisions of the new Immigration Act introduced in South Africa in 2002. The Act, which replaces the outdated Aliens Control Act of 1991, gives considerable cause for concern on gender grounds. Foremost, the Act entrenches a system of male-dominated regional labour migration that has its origins in the 19th-century discovery of gold and diamonds. The male bias in the work permit and other employment-based categories along with the limits to family reunification for those entering for work are likely in effect to discriminate against women to a greater extent than men. While similar gender concerns are common to most immigration policy regimes around the world, the particular circumstances of the South African case, where both skilled and unskilled migration streams are heavily male-dominated, makes them especially acute here. This paper contextualizes migration regimes in South Africa and examines in detail the likely implications of the new Immigration Act. 相似文献
This article considers how “lactivists” (lactation activists) consciously stage the act of public breastfeeding as a means of political advocacy, cultural resistance, and ideological subversion. Through the exploration of a specific nurse-in protest (the 2004 Nurse at Starbucks campaign in Silver Spring, Maryland), the author explores how the “domestic performance” of nurse-ins force spectators to confront (and hopefully, reconsider) latent and overt assumptions about motherhood in relation to parenting proficiency, civic responsibility, maternal sexuality, and political efficacy. In so doing, the author discloses how nurse-ins subvent traditional perceptions of mothers and mothering as a way of instigating social change. 相似文献
Home furloughs are widely recognized as serving valid correctional aims. This was not always the case: when temporary release
programs were first established, prevailing penal philosophy emphasized isolation from the community and institutional efforts
to achieve inmate reform. It was not until penologists began to address the offender’s post-release adjustment difficulties
that temporary release came to be viewed as a valuable aid to offender rehabilitation. Today, the graduation of release that
home furloughs can provide make temporary release programs a routine and valuable aspect of correctional programming.
Home furloughs can serve a variety of correctional objectives in addition to their principal function of facilitating inmate
readjustment to the community. Temporary respites from confinement may humanize the prison experience and promote therapeutic
goals. Home visits may act as incentives for good inmate behavior and may serve broader aims than those addressed by more
narrowly focused conjugal visiting programs. Finally, observations of the offender’s performance on furlough may assist parole
officials in evaluating an offender’s readiness for release.
Although the future of temporary release programs is unclear, it appears that the multitude of functions served by home visits
will insure their place in correctional programming. However new influences on correctional managers, such as the reforms
proposed in the “justice model for corrections,” will undoubtedly modify the administration of temporary release programs
and may well lead to some unanticipated consequences for the correctional community. 相似文献
A discrete nebulisation technique has been developed for the multi-element analysis of 100-μl solution droplets by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The technique increases analytical speed and uses very small solution volumes with only a slight degradation in detection limits when compared to continuous solution introduction.To evaluate its suitability in casework, small alloy fragments were produced by cutting with a hacksaw, sample division and filing. The analysis of fragments from two different brasses indicated that quantitative data could be obtained from fragments as small as 10 μg. The accurate determination of lead, a non-homogeneous constituent of leaded brasses, required sample sizes an order of magnitude greater. Analysis of an alloy of fine grain structure (copper-nickel) demonstrated that quantitative data could be obtained from samples weighing a few micrograms or less. 相似文献