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Jeffrey Braithwaite 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》1997,56(1):37-44
Economic policy discussions emphasise growth, the maximisation of output, efficiency and the pursuit of rational self-interest. Many policymakers, bureaucrats and managers in health care have been influenced by economists who believe that competition and the marketplace will provide maximum output and efficiency. Thus, for some, health care involves treating more and more patients for the same money. They argue for strategies such as reducing waste, lowering costs, increasing inpatient throughput and introducing competition between providers, especially hospitals, in order to stimulate productivity to achieve their aim. Yet in health care more is not necessarily good. Embracing the culture of the marketplace in a predominantly publicly funded system runs the risk of failing to distribute health care services equitably, and leads to more inappropriate and unnecessary care. An approach that merely strives to treat more patients and lower costs should be rejected in favour of a health system that values effectiveness, health outcomes, quality and the public good, and is patient-centred not delivery system-centred. 相似文献
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One reason that regulation is difficult is that repeated encounters between regulator and regulatee are rare. We suggest diplomacy as a model for reconfiguring regulatory institutions in response. Ambassadors for Regulatory Affairs who would be agents for all state regulatory agencies could be based in most large firms and small and medium enterprises that pose unusual regulatory risks. In rural towns, police would be trained as regulatory ambassadors. Just as a US Secretary of State can launch a “diplomatic surge” in Myanmar from 2009, so regulatory surges are possible in market sectors of high risk or high opportunity. We propose strategies of indirect reciprocity as a way in which reciprocity that is only episodic in these strategic ways can promote more general responsiveness. Indirect reciprocity is reciprocity that we do not personally experience, but learn from the experience of a culture. This means that so long as we sustain regulation as a relational as opposed to a purely technocratic process, indirect reciprocity might civilize regulatory compliance in an historical process informed by the theories of Elias and Putnam. 相似文献
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The features of regulatory encounters that foster the evolution of cooperation often also encourage the evolution of capture and corruption. Solutions to the problems of capture and corruption—limiting discretion, multiple-industry rather than single-industry agency jurisdiction, and rotating personnel—inhibit the evolution of cooperation. Tripartism—empowering public interest groups—is advanced as a way to solve this policy dilemma. A game-theoretic analysis of capture and tripartism is juxtaposed against an empowerment theory of republican tripartism. Surprisingly, both formulations lead to the conclusion that some forms of capture are desirable. The strengths from converging the weaknesses of these two formulations show how certain forms of tripartism might prevent harmful capture, identify and encourage efficient capture, enhance the attainment of regulatory goals, and strengthen democracy. While the case we make for tripartism is purely theoretical and general in its application to all domains of business regulation, our conclusion is a call for praxis to fish out the contexts in which the theory is true or false. 相似文献
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Shame management is purported to be part of the healing process that is a goal of restorative justice. However, the development
of shame management capacities and how they are engaged in conflict resolution remains a relatively understudied phenomenon.
This study examines how shame management (acknowledgment and displacement) is employed by children as they move into and out
of cultures of school bullying. The analysis is based on self-reported changes in bullying experiences of 335 Australian children
over a three-year period. Children were classified into bully, victim, bully-victim, nonbully-nonvictim, or residual conflict
groups. Shame displacement and bullying tolerance accompanied transition into bullying. Shame acknowledgment and control of
bullying marked desistence from bullying. Effects of shame management and social control were not uniform across groups. Findings
indicate that interventions to change behaviour need to be flexible and responsive to prior bullying experiences so specific
risk and protective factors can be targeted. This study demonstrates that responsiveness to context, building socially responsible
relationships, and adaptive shame management are all integral to behaviour change, supporting the use of restorative justice
as a way of dealing with school bullying as well as other forms of harm. 相似文献
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Lopez V Kopak A Robillard A Gillmore MR Holliday RC Braithwaite RL 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(8):945-957
Sexual risk taking among female delinquents represents a significant public health problem. Research is needed to understand
the pathways leading to sexual risk taking among this population. This study sought to address this issue by identifying and
testing two pathways from child maltreatment to non-condom use among 329 White and 484 African American female adolescent
detainees: a relational pathway and a substance use coping pathway. The relational pathway indicated that child maltreatment
would be related to non-condom use via depressive self-concept and condom use self-efficacy. The substance use coping pathway
suggested that depressive self-concept and alcohol-based expectancies for sexual enhancement would mediate the relationship
between child maltreatment and non-condom use. As hypothesized, the relational pathway variables were associated with one
another in the expected directions; however, evidence of mediation was not found. Support for mediation was found for the
substance use coping pathway. Exploratory across group comparison analysis indicated that the relational pathway was significant
for White girls whereas the substance use coping pathway was significant for African American girls. Limitations and implications
for future research are discussed. 相似文献