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1.
Bingo is one of two legalized forms of gambling in the state of North Carolina. This paper is largely a product of information
gleaned from an undercover police operation conducted by a special state task force constructed by the State Attorney General
in 1983. The investigation concerned violation of state law designed to regulate bingo activity. This report provides the
reader with the development of state law associated with bingo operations, and concentrates on the illegitimate methods used
by professional operators to cheat bingo patrons. Legislation designed to crack-down on bingo abuse is discussed as well
Gambling is one of the most controversial social activities yet one of the least studied forms of social behavior (King, 1985).
Bingo is a specific form of legalized gambling which has received very little attention by social scientists. There have been,
however, a few studies which address the characteristics and motivations of bingo players. For example, it has been suggested
that bingo is primarily a female activity (Dixie, 1987). However, it has been found that motivations among male and female
players differ. Females are motivated more by social contact with other players, whereas men are motivated more by a need
for economic advancement (King, 1985). Although some studies exist on the characteristics of bingo players, there is a dearth
of research on the operators of bingo games, particularly those operators who ply their trade in a legally suspect fashion.
This paper focuses upon the legally suspect mechanisms utilized by some professionals who run bingo gambling operations.
The controversy over gambling often extends to state legislatures where lawmakers must wrestle with the question of whether
or not to allow legalized gambling within their borders. On the one hand, advocates of legalized gambling cite potential advantages
such as the creation of employment opportunities, its potential for enhancement of state revenues, the recreational value
of such activity for consumers and the general enhancement of tourism within states having legalized gambling. On the other
hand, critics of legalized gambling proclaim its evils such as the perceived relationship of gambling to organized crime,
the belief that gambling breeds other social ills (e.g. theft or other crimes of economic desperation) and the belief that
gambling can become a psychologically addictive disease which can contribute to individual and family impoverishment as well
as community disorganization. North Carolina is one state in which the legislature has demonstrated strong resistance to the
allowance of legalized gambling operations. Two exceptions exist, however. North Carolina allows two forms of legalized gambling,
bingo games and raffles. This paper focuses upon bingo gambling operations.
The central thesis of this paper is bingo was originally legalized to provide tax-exempt, charitable organizations a means
of revenue enhancement which would help fund their socially worthwhile endeavors. The legislative changes allowing this form
of gambling, however, have created opportunities for professional game operators whose major motivation is personal economic
enrichment (versus economic enhancement of charitable organizations). The personal economic enrichment motive is offered to
account for the various forms of cheating which were observed in a special investigation of a sample of bingo operations.
In a review of theoretical explanations of gambling behavior Kim King (1985) suggests an extension of the functional approach
which he labels an “Economic/Status” explanation. This explanation stresses the positive functions of gambling for society
and the individual. According to the economic/status explanation, the positive functions of gambling (for the individual)
include an innovative opportunity for economic enrichment, success, and status (King, 1985). We would like to suggest that
such reasons explain why a number of legally suspect bingo operations have emerged in North Carolina. The same reasons appear
to explain the use of various schemes by some bingo operators to cheat their patrons. In short, bingo profits appear to be
the primary reason for the massive increase in the number of bingo operations. Other theoretical factors are suggested to
account for the attraction of patrons to bingo games.
According to King (1985), the “functionalist” explanation of the recent popularity of bingo gambling is due to the tension-release
afforded to players of bingo; bingo offers an exciting and innovative way to attain economic success. A concurrent Marxian
explanation sees bingo gambling as an opiate of the oppressed, providing a false sense of control and success (King, 1985).
Other theoretical factors suggested by King include the symbolic interactionist idea that gambling is a way to display one’s
self to others in order to gain character (Goffman, 1967) and the idea that gambling for some people is a means of conspicuous
consumption (Veblen, 1899). These factors may account for the popularity of bingo operations, however the focus of this paper
is not upon an explanation of why bingo has become so popular.
This paper will outline some of the legally suspect methods used by unscrupulous bingo game operators. The information for
this report is based upon an undercover police investigation of illegal bingo activity in North Carolina. The investigation
was to explore the nature of illegal bingo gambling within the state.
Bingo gambling has a unique history in North Carolina; its recent legal history will be discussed in this treatise as well
as the various legitimate and illegitimate methods of bingo game operators, state law designed to regulate bingo gambling
and measures taken by “professional” (versus “charitable”) operators to protect their lucrative but legally suspect trade. 相似文献
2.
Marianne Junger Lynette Feder Joy Clay Sylvana M. Côté David P. Farrington Kate Freiberg Vicente Garrido Genovés Ross Homel Friedrich Lösel Matthew Manning Paul Mazerolle Rob Santos Martin Schmucker Christopher Sullivan Carole Sutton Tom van Yperen Richard E. Tremblay 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2007,13(3-4):327-356
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Christopher Cramer 《冲突、安全与发展》2006,6(3):389-410
Although many different analyses in some ways acknowledge the relevance of labour markets to the political economy of violent conflict and of war to peace transitions, there has been little sustained or systematic exploration of this dimension of war economies and post-conflict reconstruction. This paper highlights the empirical and analytical gaps and suggests that a framework departing from the assumptions of the liberal interpretation of war allows for a richer analysis of labour market issues and policies. This is illustrated by the history of rural Mozambique through the war economy and into the first post-war decade. 相似文献
5.
Alexander M Holsinger Christopher T LowenkampEdward J Latessa 《Journal of criminal justice》2003,31(4):309
Offender assessment and classification is becoming an increasingly important part of correctional supervision and intervention. Over the last several decades, several different methods and “generations” of offender classification have emerged. Of most value appear to be third-generation, actuarial, dynamic risk/need assessments. With any new correctional strategy, however, there is a need to investigate the use of these risk/need assessments on offender subgroups in order to inform issues, such as reliability and prevalence of criminogenic risk factors. The present study utilized data that were gathered using the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R). Results and comparisons of these assessments were investigated and presented for Native American and non-Native American offenders as well as male and female offenders. Discussion of the results, implications, and recommendations for further research are presented. 相似文献
6.
Mackenzie Catriona; McDowell Christopher; Pittaway Eileen 《Journal of Refugee Studies》2007,20(2):299-319
This paper highlights some of the central ethical challengesinvolved in undertaking social science research with refugeesin conflict and crisis situations. It focuses on two main setsof challenges: first, the difficulties of constructing an ethicalconsent process and obtaining genuinely informed consent; andsecond, taking fully into account and responding to refugeeparticipants' capacities for autonomy. The authors also discussthe challenges involved in applying the central normative principlesgoverning ethics review processes—the principles of beneficence,integrity, respect for persons, autonomy and justice—tothe context of refugee research. It is argued that researchersshould seek ways to move beyond harm minimization as a standardfor ethical research and recognize an obligation to design andconduct research projects that aim to bring about reciprocalbenefits for refugee participants and/or communities. Some ofthe methodological issues raised by this analysis are discussedin the conclusion. 相似文献
7.
Christopher Hemmer 《中东政策》2003,10(3):121-135
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