Sir Alfred Zimmern lectures Australia, 1938: a utopian on Munich?

Abstract

Professor Sir Alfred Zimmern, a highly prominent British commentator on international politics, was a notable visitor to Australia in 1938. Due to the critiques of EH Carr, Martin Wight and Hedley Bull, Zimmern became associated with the ‘utopian’ school of analysis of the inter-war period. In a stay lasting five weeks which coincided with the Munich crisis, his (now neglected) lectures and broadcasts were widely reported. Zimmern did not fully endorse the Munich agreement, which had been negotiated by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and was supported by Australian Prime Minister Joseph Lyons. He was privately critical of Australian policy-makers. Despite Bull’s claim that Zimmern was a believer in progress and thus bound to discern the growth of order in international affairs, Zimmern’s analysis of the Munich agreement emphasized the return of power politics and the dangers of war. Further examination of his 1930s writings shows that such possibilities were not inconsistent with his broader analysis of international relations.     

Preservation of human tissue immersed for five years in fresh water of known temperature

Two human bodies were recovered from the waters of the Duluth, Minnesota harbor. Extensive adipocere formation resulted in remarkable preservation of gross anatomic features of internal organs. Total time of immersion could be precisely estimated at five years. Water temperature during those five years could also be accurately estimated by direct measurements taken during the year following recovery of the bodies and from information supplied by a local electric power generating company. Immersion occurred at the time of the year when water temperature was highest (70 degrees F [21 degrees C]) facilitating the rapid formation of adipocere. A proposed mechanism for formation of adipocere is described.     

Power Dynamics in an Experimental Game

We introduce a new experimental method for studying power. Drawing from multiple theoretical perspectives, we conceptualize power as relational and structural, as well as comprised of different forms through which basic human needs can be met. Thus, the method we introduce examines how, when faced with a particular need, people use multiple forms of power concurrently and within a “field of influence,” namely, the other players in a game. This enabled us to examine how one form of power is transformed into another and how power is transferred from one player to another through interaction, as well as to measure power as behavior, as the exercise of choice, as potential, and as outcomes. Two experiments using egalitarian start conditions and a survivable ecology demonstrated that participants used power to gain more power, creating inequality. Being the target of force made some players unable to “survive” in the local ecology. Theoretical and methodological issues in the study of power are discussed and the application of our game method to the study of power in other fields is considered.     

Isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from saliva and forensic science samples containing saliva.

Saliva and saliva-stained materials were examined as potential sources of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for DNA analysis and identity testing. In this paper, the authors demonstrate that DNA was isolated and DNA banding patterns suitable for DNA typing were obtained from fresh saliva and various saliva-stained materials, such as envelopes, buccal swabs, gags, and cigarettes. Furthermore, DNA and DNA banding patterns were obtained from actual forensic evidentiary samples containing mixed saliva/semen stains. The DNA banding patterns obtained from saliva or saliva-stained material were indistinguishable from the patterns obtained from blood or hair from the same individual. Intact DNA was readily isolated and DNA banding patterns were obtained from saliva stored at -20 degrees C and dried saliva stains stored under varying conditions. We conclude that saliva and saliva-stained material can be good sources of DNA for analysis and for DNA typing in certain forensic settings.     

Books

The Chinese Army after Mao, by Ellis Joffe. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1987. 210 pp. £20. ISBN 0 6745 4849 3

Centre and Province in the People's Republic of China: Sichuan and Guizhou 1955–1965, by David S. G. Goodman. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. 257 pp. £22.50. ISBN 0 5213 2530 7.

The China Challenge, by David S. G. Goodman, Martin Lockett and Gerald Segal. (Chatham House Papers 32) Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, New York and Andover, 1986. 86 pp. £5.95 paperback. ISBN 0 7102 1111 2.

Understanding Communist China: Communist China Studies in the United States and the Republic of China, 1949–1978, by Tai‐chun Kuo and Ramon H. Myers. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, California, 1986. 179 pp. £17.50 hardback, £9.95 paperback. ISBN 0 8197 8341 4 and 0 8179 8342 2.

The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness, by Peter N. Dale. Croom Helm, London, 1986. xi + 233 pp. £25. ISBN 0 7099 0899 7.

Mongolia: Politics, Economics and Society, by Alan J. K. Sanders. Francis Pinter, London, and Lynne Reinner, Boulder, 1987. xxii + 179 pp. £22.50 hardback, £6.95 paperback. ISBN 0 86187 430 7 and 0 86187 431 5.     

Use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprints for identity determination: comparison with traditional paternity testing methods--Part I

A study involving comparison of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) finger-printing test with traditional methods used for paternity testing is presented. Samples from 191 cases were tested for a series of blood group and polymorphic protein markers. DNA "fingerprints" were then obtained for all samples using the multilocus probes 33.6 and 33.15. The results of DNA fingerprinting correlated well with those of traditional methods and proved to be informative in cases where traditional methods yielded inconclusive or insufficient results.