Talking to Foreign Fighters: Insights into the Motivations for Hijrah to Syria and Iraq

Little of the discussion of foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq is informed by primary data derived from talking with the foreign fighters. This article reports some initial findings from interviews with twenty foreign fighters in Syria. The findings are compared with three other recent studies of European foreign fighters, and aspiring fighters, based on some primary data. While those studies emphasize the role of low social and economic prospects in motivating the choice to go, this study found little evidence of such factors, and alternatively argues more attention should be given to existential concerns and the role of religiosity. Consideration is also given to the methodological challenges posed by using of terrorists' accounts of their motivations.     

Vitreous humor biochemical constituents: evaluation of between-eye differences

The present study was conducted to investigate the differences in the vitreous humor biochemical concentrations for vitreous electrolytes and calcium in the same pair of eyes at identical postmortem interval (PMI). The vitreous humor samples were collected independently in both eyes from 48 autopsies (PMI range, 4.5-84.3 hours) with documented time of death. The samples were analyzed for potassium, sodium, chloride, and calcium using a Beckman Coulter LX20 Automated Analyzer based on ion-selective electrode methodology. There were no statistically significant between-eye differences at identical postmortem interval. A significantly high correlation was observed between paired potassium concentrations of both the eyes. A highly significant linear correlation was observed between the individual eye and mean potassium concentrations of both the eyes with postmortem interval. The observed differences were not significantly correlated with postmortem interval. The results demonstrated that the between-eye differences for vitreous electrolytes and calcium are insignificant. Therefore, the utility of vitreous biochemistry, particularly potassium in postmortem interval estimation and other forensic applications, cannot be questioned solely on the basis of these differences.     

The Neglected Role of Charismatic Authority in the Study of Terrorist Groups and Radicalization

Recent scholarship has called for additional research into the role of charismatic authority in terrorist groups and the process of radicalization. However, the sociological concepts of charisma and charismatic authority are being widely misused in terrorism studies. Current radicalization research often indirectly flirts with core concepts of charismatic authority, but fails to properly tap into its analytical utility. This article proposes to begin addressing this gap in knowledge in three ways, with: (1) a synthesis of social scientific research on charismatic authority, (2) a critical analysis of how charismatic authority is being misused and overlooked in the terrorist radicalization literature, and (3) an exploration of challenges and opportunities for future research concerning charismatic authority and terrorist radicalization.     

Tribunals and guidelines: Exploring the relationship between fairness and legitimacy in administrative decision‐making

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to address two questions: why do administrative tribunals such as the Immigration Refugee Board resort to developing guidelines, and what are the principles and values which legitimize these initiatives? The role of tribunals in policy‐making and/or policy‐implementing raises important questions. For example, to whom are tribunals accountable for the development and application of guidelines where the functions of a tribunal ‐ especially the adjudicative functions ‐ are intended to be independent of government? The authors seek to understand better the dynamics of tribunals' role in the policy process. They propose a classification of guidelines based on the function they perform in administrative proceedings and provide an analysis of the normative framework underlying guidelines. The authors explore how a legal analysis of guidelines might shed on the theory and practice of public administration. The authors conclude that in the absence of a nuanced understanding of the legal status of guidelines, the relationship between administrative practice and the rule of law remains uncertain and unstable. Sommaire: Cet article cherche à répondre à deux questions: pourquoi les tribunaux administratifs comme la Commission de l'immigration et du statut de réfugié ont‐ils recours à l'élaboration de directives? Et quels sont les principes et les valeurs qui justifient ces initiatives? Le rôle des tribunaux dans l'élaboration et/ou la mise en œuvre des politiques soulève des questions importantes. Par exemple, à qui les tribunaux doivent‐ils rendre compte en ce qui concerne l'élaboration et l'application de directives lorsque les fonctions d'un tribunal ‐ en particulier les fonctions juridictionnelles ‐ sont supposées être indépendantes du gouvernement? Les auteurs cherchent à mieux comprendre la dynamique du rôle des tribunaux dans le processus d'élaboration de politiques. Ils proposent une classification des directives d'après la fonction qu'elles jouent dans les procédures administratives et ils fournissent une analyse du cadre normatif sous‐tendant ces directives. Les auteurs étudient comment une analyse juridique des directives pourrait éclairer la théorie et la pratique de l'administration publique. Ils concluent qu'en l'absence d'une compréhension nuancée du statut légal des directives, la relation entre la pratique administrative et la primauté du droit demeure incertaine et instable.