Peasant ‘Participation’, Rural Property and the State in Western Mexico

It is argued here that development studies tend to ignore the ways in which external interventions become embedded within existing fields of power and are influenced by past experiences. This explains to a large extent the failure of many so-called ‘participatory’ programmes. Crucial changes introduced by the Mexican Agrarian Law in 1992 are examined, with particular reference to the impact and grassroots perception of new ‘participatory’ styles of government intervention. The latter process is illustrated by means of peasant–state interaction on an ejido in Jalisco, where ‘local participation’ that is central to government programmes ‘imposed from above’ reinforces stereotypes such as the ‘corrupt’, ‘ignorant’ official and the ‘lazy’, ‘distrustful’ peasant. Accordingly, encounters between state officials and smallholding peasants in the ejido display a combination of trust/distrust and cooperation/resistance.     

Le système judiciaire québécois: problématique et indicateurs d'efficacité

Sommaire: L'évaluation de la performance des organisations chargées de la prestation des services publics est le plus souvent abordée par le biais de l'analyse des programmes. Cette démarche s'applique difficilement à l'appréciation du degré de réalisation de la mission qui leur est confiée. L'analyse de la problématique du secteur de la justice permet de dégager les trois grands objectifs qui devraient être poursuivis par les systémes judiciaires. 11s ont trait à la qualité de cette justice, à l'accessibilité et à la célérité avec laquelle elle est rendue. Cette problématique est illustrée à partir du cas de l'appareil judiciaire québécois, défini ici cornme un système d'action. Les conditions de réalisation de la mission des systémes judiciaires sont présentées à partir de cet exemple. Divers moyens de mesurer le degré d'atteinte des objectifs sont ensuite dégagés. Enfin, une série d'indicateurs est définie pour certains d'entre eux. Abstract: The evaluation of the performance of public organizations is generally done through program analysis. But another approach should be used to measure the level of achievement of the mission assigned to an institution such as the court system. In this article, we tried to determine how the performance of the judicial apparatus might be evaluated. We considered that the mission of this apparatus refers to three fundamental objectives: the quality of justice, its accessibility, and the absence of undue delays. Referring more specifically to the case of the Quebec judicial system, we examine how the degree of achievement of these objectives might be evaluated.     

The Role of EU Internal Policies in Implementing Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options to Achieve Kyoto Targets

This paper reviews the role of internal European Union (EU) policies and measures in implementing the target for greenhouse gas mitigation in the Kyoto Protocol. It starts with a discussion of the EU Burden Sharing Agreement, which distributes the target between Member States. This leads to a review of the appropriate level of implementation of policies, i.e. at the EU level or Member State level. There is a role for the flexible mechanisms of the Protocol, particularly emission permit trading, in complementing Member State policies at the EU level. The implementation is to be done against the background of three major factors which may have an important bearing on the policies: the probable long-term requirement of substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions a changing structure of energy markets, following liberalisation of the gas and electricity markets EU enlargement to include economies in transition with the potential for further substantial reductions in emissions.The paper concludes with a discussion of ancillary benefits of the policies that may be substantial and a summary of the position as regards the "unfinished business" of the Protocol to be discussed at the Conference of the Parties in the Hague in November 2000.     

The State and Human Rights: Governance and Sustainable Human Development in Yemen

International Relations theory has had difficulty explaining the global spread of human rights norms, and in particular the spread of human rights norms in the non-Western world. An exploration of Yemen's integration of human rights-based approaches to economic development into its policymaking gives the empirical foundation to examine the interplay of both norms and self-interest and external and internal pressures in framing such policies. In the case of Yemen, at least, each of these contrasting pairs is to a large degree mutually constituted. Conceptualizing norms and self-interest and external and internal pressures as mutually constitutive differs from the usual contrasts painted between these pairs in international relations theory, but is an important step in moving beyond an impasse among realist, liberal, and constructivist theories and toward a usefully integrative approach.     

The detection of group-specific component from urine samples

The detection of group-specific component (Gc) from serum and bloodstains has been widely used in the forensic laboratory. A recent increase in substituted or adulterated urine samples in various drug screening programs has necessitated methods to determine the donor. This paper discusses the detection of Gc from urine samples. The samples were concentrated and applied to ultrathin polyacrylamide gel and focused for 150 min. This method separates the samples into the three common phenotypes found in all human populations. A nitrocellulose membrane blotting technique was used to detect the Gc bands. Serum and urine samples were collected from each individual and were typed for Gc. Urine samples tested after 6 months of storage (4 degrees C) were still readable. This method provides the forensic laboratory with an additional test from a body fluid which, until recently, provided little information.