Cengagement des citoyens: Une alternative pour le renouvelle‐ment des relations entre les Autochtones et les non‐Autochtones

Sommaire: L'engagement des citoyens dans la formulation des politiques publiques pose de nombreux défis. Certains secteurs de la société canadienne les révèlent avec une acuité toute particulière et les questions relatives aux relations entre les Autochtones et les non‐Autochtones en sont un exemple. Signalons entre autres que tout projet d'engagement doit d'abord s'appliquer à favoriser un rapprochement entre les communautés autochtones et non‐autochtones. Ce texte présente les enseignements tirés d'une expérience d'engagement menée au Nouveau‐Brunswick par une équipe d'apprentissage formée de fonctionnaires fédéraux et provinciaux, de citoyens autochtones et non‐autochtones et d'universitaires. On y propose un modèle original inspiré d'expériences menées dans d'autres secteurs d'activité au Canada et reposant sur cinq conditions: un climat de confiance, une information accessible et crédible, l'existence de points communs, un dialogue sur les valeurs et les convictions et un processus souple. Cet article aborde quelques‐unes des grandes questions actuelles: gouvemance, démocratie, innovation, diversité, cohésion sociale, culture et valeurs. Abstract: The engagement of citizens in government decision‐making poses multiple challenges. Some issues in Canadian society, such as relations between aboriginal and non‐aboriginal people, illustrate these challenges in a particularly evident manner. For example, any commitment initiative involving the aboriginal and non‐aboriginal communities must be designed first to promote reconciliation. This article outlines the lessons learned from a commitment experiment conducted in New Brunswick by a learning team made up of federal and provincial public servants, aboriginal and non‐aboriginal citizens, and academic staff. It offers an original model inspired by experiments conducted in other activity sectors in Canada and based on five criteria: climate of trust, accessible and credible information, focus on commonality, dialogue on values and convictions, and flexible process. This article addresses some of the major current issues: governance, democracy, innovation, diversity, social cohesion, culture and values.     

Fingerprint Change: Not Visible,But Tangible

Hand–foot syndrome, a chemotherapy‐induced cutaneous toxicity, can cause an alteration in fingerprints causing a setback for cancer patients due to the occurrence of false rejections. A colon cancer patient was fingerprinted after not having been able to use fingerprint recognition devices after 6 months of adjuvant chemotherapy. The fingerprint images were digitally processed to improve fingerprint definition without altering the papillary design. No evidence of skin toxicity was present. Two months later, the situation returned to normal. The fingerprint evaluation conducted on 15 identification points highlighted the quantitative and qualitative fingerprint alteration details detected after the end of chemotherapy and 2 months later. Fingerprint alteration during chemotherapy has been reported, but to our knowledge, this particular case is the first ever reported without evident clinical signs. Alternative fingerprint identification methods as well as improved biometric identification systems are needed in case of unexpected situations.     

Anti-money laundering by international institutions: a preliminary assessment

This paper presents an evaluation of the Anti-Money Laundering and Combating Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) program. It briefly discusses why this can be seen as the birth of a “regime for financial integrity”. We find that some areas of the AML/CFT framework are consistently weaker than others in the area of prevention measures. Specifically, we have two findings: the first, positive one, points to a substantial adequacy of the repressive measures; the second, negative one, points to a substantial failure of countries to adopt adequate preventive measures, and calls for renewed efforts to improve implementation of preventive measures across the board, with specific regard to the activity of financial sector regulatory and supervisory authorities. Also, Eurozone countries outperform all other groups in the sample. Finally, the limited availability of country information and the multiplicity of assessors and methodologies make it difficult to evaluate the performance of the program. Therefore, we suggest greater transparency and availability of detailed countries’ information, and follow up assessments of the weak areas of a country’s AML/CFT framework at higher frequency than the established 5 years.

Editorial

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics -     

Government-Supported Incubators in the Helsinki Region, Finland: Infrastructure, Results, and Best Practices

The principal research question of this study is to determine if the proactive approach taken by the governments, as exemplified by the encouragement and funding of 16 incubators in the Helsinki area of Finland, represents a viable method for accelerating economic growth, job creation and entrepreneurship in a region. Field research by the author from 1996 to 2002 yields a strong positive answer. The answer to the related research questions, whether a similar approach is viable in other countries, specifically the United States, Russia and the Baltics, is less definite, because of the different cultural dimensions. Nonetheless, other countries could profit by utilizing the best Finnish practices for incubator management as benchmarks for performance rather than as templates for duplication.     

Beyond Ethical Codes: The Management of Integrity in the Netherlands Tax and Customs Administration

Trust in government is foundering. Ethics codes have limited utility in bolstering public trust, and a clear correlation between such codes and changed behavior must still be established. They are a means for external oversight, but they do nothing in terms of providing an internal moral compass. To rebuild trust in government, employees must also act with integrity. Actions that are both ethical and carried out with integrity are necessary—neither is sufficient. Acknowledging this, the Dutch Tax Administration undertook a two-pronged approach focused on the management of integrity as a means to codify the operational ethics of the organization, as well as to foster shared values and behaviors. This approach is noteworthy because it guides behaviors while retaining street-level discretion. It also is the first step toward creating a bureaucracy of mutual relationships that creates an ongoing moral consciousness serving both democracy and efficiency not only through control, but also through self-reflection, interaction, and association.     

The economics of collective knowledge and technological communication

Technological knowledge can be understood as a collective good when it is the outcome of the integration between internal to the firm investments in R&D and learning and the absorption of competencies and technologies provided by external organizations (such as, other firms, universities, R&D centers). Technological communication is a crucial strategy in such dynamic interaction between the firm and the system. Only under effective conditions of technological communication the private and social benefits derived from the exploitation of spillovers are higher than the private losses due to partial inappropriability. The article presents a simple microeconomic framework to understand knowledge production and distribution, integrating the effects and conditions of technological communication within a knowledge production function. The interaction between internal investments in R&D and learning, partial inappropriability, the conditions for the access to external knowledge and the exploitation of spillovers explains increasing returns in the production of knowledge.

Sustainability of the effects of multisystemic therapy for juvenile delinquents in The Netherlands: effects on delinquency and recidivism

Objectives

The present study focused on the sustainability of the effects of Multisystemic Therapy (MST) on delinquency and recidivism.

Methods

A sample of 256 juveniles with severe and persistent antisocial behavior were randomly assigned to MST (147) and Treatment As Usual (TAU) (109) condition. Pre-test assessment took place before the start of MST/control group treatment. Post-test assessment took place at 6 months after termination of the program. Delinquency (parent and adolescent reported) was assessed 6 months after termination of the treatment. Official judicial data were collected to assess recidivism, with a mean length of follow-up of 3.06 years. ANCOVAs and survival analyses were used to test the effectiveness of MST.

Results

The multi-informant data showed that MST is effective in diminishing delinquent behavior as reported by adolescents and parents, with d’s larger than at post-test assessment immediately after ending of the intervention. The official judicial data, however, suggest that there are no differences between MST and TAU in recidivism. Few and inconsistent moderator effects were found.

Conclusions

According to parent and adolescent reports, the beneficial effects of MST were sustained at the follow-up. This was not supported by official data. These results stress the importance of using multi-informant data on delinquency, as each source of information has its own advantages and disadvantages.