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1.
Raíssa Ananda Paim Strapasson Ph.D. Leandro Stocco Baccarin M.Sc. Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff Melani Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(6):1633-1639
Prediction facial features from the skull are recurring theme on the forensic literature. The nose has been investigated since it has a significant role in facial recognition and the literature shows that there is not an universal method for nasal prediction. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to analyze what are the most consistent techniques of nasal reconstruction. Primary studies describing or validating nasal reconstruction techniques in adults and published in journals of Forensic Sciences were included in this review. Tedeschi‐Oliveira's method positioned nasal tip with acceptable accuracy as Gerasimov's method. The Krogman's and Iscan's technique underestimated nasal projection in North Americans. The Prokopec's and Ubelaker's method obtained accuracy in Caucasoid. George's method presented results similar to reference standard in Caucasoid. In a supplementary way, studies are needed to accurately estimate the nasal width. 相似文献
2.
Melani Claire Cammett Lauren M. MacLean 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2011,46(1):1-21
Throughout the Global South, diverse non-state actors have historically played critical roles in enabling populations to meet
their basic needs, whether by providing or mediating access to social benefits and programs. To date, little research explores
non-state social welfare, particularly in the Global South, and existing studies tend to focus on technical and administrative
concerns while neglecting the potential political ramifications. This introductory essay aims to conceptualize and theorize
the politics of non-state social welfare. We highlight three dimensions of the political consequences of non-state social welfare, including
the implications for state capacity, equity of access to social welfare, and experiences of citizenship. Based on this framework
as well as the findings of the empirical contributions to the special issue, the essay concludes that non-state provision
may pose more political challenges than proponents recognize, but its effects are ultimately contingent on the types of relationships
between state and non-state providers. 相似文献
3.
Melani Cammett Marsha Pripstein Posusney 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2010,45(2):250-279
This paper examines how two, potentially opposing trends—pressure to adhere to international labor standards and movement
toward greater labor market flexibility—have affected labor market characteristics in the Middle East. Focusing on 13 countries,
the paper presents indices of de jure and de facto labor flexibility and standards in the region. The paper makes two main
contributions. First, it develops a typology of post-independence Middle Eastern political economies based on oil dependence
and political regime type (including oil monarchies, low-income republics, and low-income monarchies) to explain widely divergent
sub-regional trends in labor flexibility and standards. Second, it argues that different actors have spurred changes in labor
flexibility and standards in distinct sub-regional political economy groupings. In the low-income countries, the state and
domestic business were most instrumental in driving increased flexibility, although unions were able to win concessions in
countries where the political system permitted some voice for labor. In the oil monarchies, international pressure, particularly
through negotiations over trade agreements with the USA, spurred a trend toward increased labor standards, while domestic
programs to indigenize the workforce account for a trend toward decreased flexibility. 相似文献
4.
Fernandes CM Serra Mda C da Silva JV Noritomi PY Pereira FD Melani RF 《Forensic science international》2012,214(1-3):211.e1-211.e7
Facial reconstruction is a method that seeks to recreate a person's facial appearance from his/her skull. This technique can be the last resource used in a forensic investigation, when identification techniques such as DNA analysis, dental records, fingerprints and radiographic comparison cannot be used to identify a body or skeletal remains. To perform facial reconstruction, the data of facial soft tissue thickness are necessary. Scientific literature has described differences in the thickness of facial soft tissue between ethnic groups. There are different databases of soft tissue thickness published in the scientific literature. There are no literature records of facial reconstruction works carried out with data of soft tissues obtained from samples of Brazilian subjects. There are also no reports of digital forensic facial reconstruction performed in Brazil. There are two databases of soft tissue thickness published for the Brazilian population: one obtained from measurements performed in fresh cadavers (fresh cadavers' pattern), and another from measurements using magnetic resonance imaging (Magnetic Resonance pattern). This study aims to perform three different characterized digital forensic facial reconstructions (with hair, eyelashes and eyebrows) of a Brazilian subject (based on an international pattern and two Brazilian patterns for soft facial tissue thickness), and evaluate the digital forensic facial reconstructions comparing them to photos of the individual and other nine subjects. The DICOM data of the Computed Tomography (CT) donated by a volunteer were converted into stereolitography (STL) files and used for the creation of the digital facial reconstructions. Once the three reconstructions were performed, they were compared to photographs of the subject who had the face reconstructed and nine other subjects. Thirty examiners participated in this recognition process. The target subject was recognized by 26.67% of the examiners in the reconstruction performed with the Brazilian Magnetic Resonance Pattern, 23.33% in the reconstruction performed with the Brazilian Fresh Cadavers Pattern and 20.00% in the reconstruction performed with the International Pattern, in which the target-subject was the most recognized subject in the first two patterns. The rate of correct recognitions of the target subject indicate that the digital forensic facial reconstruction, conducted with parameters used in this study, may be a useful tool. 相似文献
5.
Forensic Facial Reconstruction: Relationship Between the Alar Cartilage and Piriform Aperture 下载免费PDF全文
Raíssa Ananda Paim Strapasson M.Sc. Lara Maria Herrera M.Sc. Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff Melani Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(6):1460-1465
During forensic facial reconstruction, facial features may be predicted based on the parameters of the skull. This study evaluated the relationships between alar cartilage and piriform aperture and nose morphology and facial typology. Ninety‐six cone beam computed tomography images of Brazilian subjects (49 males and 47 females) were used in this study. OsiriX software was used to perform the following measurements: nasal width, distance between alar base insertion points, lower width of the piriform aperture, and upper width of the piriform aperture. Nasal width was associated with the lower width of the piriform aperture, sex, skeletal vertical pattern of the face, and age. The current study contributes to the improvement of forensic facial guides by identifying the relationships between the alar cartilages and characteristics of the biological profile of members of a population that has been little studied thus far. 相似文献
6.
Raíssa Ananda Paim Strapasson Ph.D. Cláudio Costa Ph.D. Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff Melani Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(6):1640-1645
Forensic facial approximation is an auxiliary method for human identification and allows facial recognition. The midface, that includes the nose, is vital for the recognition of a familiar face. The purpose of this study was to set hard tissue parameters to estimate nasal width, to test the method to estimate nasal width of Brazilians, and to analyze the relationship between nasal profile and facial type. A total of 246 computed tomography scans (183 females and 63 males) of adults were analyzed in Horos. Bone tissue measurements and facial type classification were performed on the skull scan. Nasal profile morphology was accessed through the tool 3D surface rendering. There was a difference around 3 mm from real to predicted nose through the method to estimate nasal width in Brazilians. So, the method may be used in forensic practice. Straight nose was associated with long face type. 相似文献
7.
Paula Melani Rocha 《Communicatio》2013,39(2):192-205
ABSTRACTThis article proposes a reflection on the importance of including the concept of educommunication in the training of professionals who work with the media, whether in journalism or other fields, both at undergraduate and graduate levels. It presents initiatives developed at the State University of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil, by the journalism undergraduate degree and in the specialisation course media, Politics and Social actors, started in 2011. Concepts such as knowledge, mass communication, educommunication and public policy are foregrounded in contemporary networked societies. With that in mind, we propose an analysis of the use of technology in the communication practices of NGOs, social movements, community groups, collective organisations and social networks from the perspective of educommunication. The results show the benefits of aligning the knowledge of communication and education in the training of journalists as well as other professionals who work directly or indirectly with mass communication. 相似文献
8.
In many developing countries, non-state actors, including those with religious or political affiliations, provide basic social services. Do politicized ethnoreligious divisions shape citizen choices of providers? Does service quality vary when patients visit ingroup or outgroup facilities? Building on studies of the “diversity deficit” and on outgroup generosity, we focus on how the relationship between frontline service providers and citizens affects the quality of services. Among facilities run by sectarian organizations, citizens largely select into ingroup providers, and report distinct reasons for the rare instances of choosing outgroup versus ingroup centers. Furthermore, when visiting outgroup facilities, service quality is inferior. Preliminary evidence indicates that shared social networks, which facilitate informal mechanisms of accountability, may account for the ingroup advantage. The data are derived from original surveys of a nationally representative sample of health centers in Lebanon, a country with politicized identity cleavages and diverse types of welfare providers. 相似文献
9.
A tooth-like foreign body (FB) was found inside a sausage bread. Analysis aimed to investigate whether the FB was a tooth and its origin. The FB was measured, weighed, photographed, and radiographed. Macroscopic findings were suggestive of an anterior tooth. Histological slides of undecalcified cross-sections of the FB and samples of human and swine teeth were prepared. Histological features of the FB (in light microscopy, 125× magnification) were discrepant from human tissues. Compared histological analysis displayed majority of features consistent with a hypsodont swine tooth, probably a canine. Cellularized cementum in crown region, adjacent to the enamel, and shape of the cementocytes were the main criteria excluding the possibility of human origin of the FB. Scanning electronic microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy were not performed because of fewer features to be analyzed and FB size. It was concluded that the FB may have been incorporated during meat grinding of the sausage. 相似文献
10.
Marta R. P. Flores M.Sc. Carlos E. P. Machado Ph.D. Matteo D. Gallidabino Ph.D. Gustavo H. M. de Arruda Ph.D. Ricardo H. A. da Silva Ph.D. Flávio B. de Vidal Ph.D. Rodolfo F. H. Melani Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(3):828-838
Positioning landmarks in facial photo‐anthropometry (FPA) applications remains today a highly variable procedure, as traditional cephalometric definitions are used as guidelines. Herein, a novel landmark‐positioning approach, specifically adapted for FPA applications, is introduced and, in particular, assessed against the conventional cephalometric definitions for the analysis of 16 landmarks on ten frontal images by two groups of examiners (with and without professional knowledge of anatomy). Results showed that positioning reproducibility was significantly better using the novel method. Indeed, in contrast to the classic approach, very low landmark dispersions were observed for both groups of examiners, which were usually below the strictest clinical standards (i.e., 0.575 mm). Furthermore, the comparison between the two groups of examiners highlighted higher dispersion consistencies, which supported a higher robustness. Thus, the use of an adapted landmark‐positioning approach proved to be highly advantageous in FPA analysis and future work in this field should consider adopting similar methodologies. 相似文献