Cultural Equivalence and Cultural Variance in Longitudinal Associations of Young Adolescent Self-Definition and Interpersonal Relatedness to Psychological and School Adjustment

Ethnic group differences in the contributions of self-definition (self-worth and efficacy) and interpersonal relatedness with parents and peers to changes in psychological and school adjustment were examined among 448 White, Black, and Latino girls and boys (11–14 years of age). Self-report questionnaires and school records were evaluated for socioeconomic and ethnic group differences in patterns of change over 1 year. Overall similarity in changes over time across ethnic groups was found for relatedness, self-definition, and psychological adjustment, although Black and Latino youth reported more overall adjustment difficulties, Black youth reported less positive relationships with parents, and lower SES youth reported less positive peer relationships than others. Ethnic group differences in changes to school adjustment, even after controlling SES, suggested a cultural variation in which often cited declines in school adjustment during middle school characterize White adolescents to a greater degree than Black or Latino adolescents. Ethnicity moderated associations of relatedness and self-definition with psychological and school adjustment such that Black and Latino youth appeared particularly vulnerable to experiences that threaten closeness and trust in relationships. Results pointed to potentially important situational and cultural differences in maladaptive and adaptive developmental processes across ethnicity.     

Governing disorder: the Australian Federal Police and Australia's new regional frontier

Abstract

The Australian Federal Police has in recent years become an important actor in both the implementation and design of Australian-led state building interventions in Australia's near region of Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. The article focuses on the recent expansion of the Australian Federal Police as a way of understanding the emergence of a new partly (and strategically) deterritorialized, ‘regional’ frontier of the Australian state. Within this new frontier, whose fluctuating outlines the Australian Federal Police not only polices but also to a considerable extent shapes and reshapes, as one of the primary expert agencies on identifying and managing transnational security risks, Australian security is portrayed as contingent on the quality of the domestic governance of neighbouring states, thereby creating linkages between the hitherto domestic governing apparatus of the Australian state and those of other countries. This allows for the rearticulation of the problems affecting intervened states and societies – indeed, their very social and political structures – in the depoliticized terms of the breakdown of ‘law and order’ and the absence of ‘good governance’, which not only rationalizes emergency interventions to stabilize volatile situations, but also delegitimizes and potentially criminalizes oppositional politics. The Australian Federal Police, however, does more than merely provide justification for intrusive state transformation projects. Its transnational policing activities open up a field of governance within the apparatus of intervened states that exists in separation from international and domestic law. The constitution of such interventions ‘within’ the state leaves intact the legal distinction between the domestic and international spheres and therefore circumvents the difficult issue of sovereignty. As a result, police and other executive-administrative actors obtain discretionary ordering powers, without dislodging the sovereign governments of intervened countries.     

China's ‘charm offensive’ in the Pacific and Australia's regional order

Abstract

In recent years, a perception has emerged among many policymakers and commentators that the deepening of the People's Republic of China engagement in the Pacific Islands Region, predominantly through its expanding foreign aid programme, threatens to undermine the existing regional order, in which Australia is dominant. In this article, it is argued that China's apparent ‘charm offensive’ in the Pacific is mainly driven by commercial, not political, imperatives and is far more fragmented and incoherent than is often assumed. Hence, its (real) political effects hinge, not on any Chinese strategic designs for regional domination, or even a more limited resource security agenda, but on the intent and capacity of Pacific governments to harness deepening aid, investment and trade relations with China towards their own foreign and domestic policy objectives, which include limiting Australian interference in the internal governance processes of Pacific states. This argument is demonstrated by the case of Fiji after the December 2006 military coup.     

Capital formation and government capital policy in developing economies

Readings in the History of Economic Growth. By E. M. Falkus. Oxford University Press, Nairobi. 1968. Pp. 391. U.K. price 40s.

Economic Growth in Japan and the U.S.S.R. By Angus Maddison. George Allen and Unwin, London. 1969. Pp. 174. 35s, paper 18s.

Economic Growth: The Japanese Experience since the Meiji Era. By Lawrence Klein and Kazushi Ohkawa. (Publication of the Economic Growth Centre, Yale University.) Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, III. 1968. Pp. 424. $8.50.

Stratagems and Spoils. A Social Anthropology of Politics. By F. G. Bailey. Basil Blackwell, Oxford. 1969. Pp. xiv, 240. 36s. (18s. paperback.)

Issues in the Future of Asia. Ed. by Richard Lowenthal. Praeger, London. 1969. Pp. xi, 177. No index. 50s.

District Voting Trends in India‐a Research Tool. By Craig Baxter. Southern Asian Institute, School of International Affairs, Columbia University, New York. 1969. Pp. 378. 50s.

History of Kenya's Trade Union Movement to 1952. By Makhan Singh. East African Publishing House, Nairobi. 1969. Pp. 320. Index. EASh 56.00.

Toward ‘Uhuru’ in Tanzania: The Politics of Participation. By G. Andrew Maguire. Cambridge University Press. 1969. Pp. xxix, 403. £4.50.

Political Development in Rural Tanzania: A West Lake Study. By Goran Hyden. East African Publishing House. 1969. Pp. 282. Limp, E.A. sh.2l.00, $3 or £1 8s. Cased, E.A. sh.42.00, 57 or £2 10s.

Portrait of a Nationalist: The Life of Ali Migeyo as told to G. R. Mutahaba. Historical Association of Tanzania Paper No. 6. East African Publishing House. 1969. Pp. 28. E.A. sh.2.50.

The Agricultural Development of Argentina. A Policy and Development Perspective. By Darrell F. Fienup, Russell H. Brannon and Frank A. Fender. Praeger, New York. 1969. Pp. xxxvii, 437. No index. £7 6s.

An Introduction to Argentina. By Robert J. Alexander. Pall Mall Press, London. 1969. Pp. ix, 197. Index. £2 14s.

Planning and Productivity under Soviet Socialism. By Abram Bergson. Columbia University Press, New York and London. 1968. Pp. 95. No index. 36s.

Settlement Schemes in Tropical Africa. A Study of Organization and Development. By Robert Chambers. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. 1969. Pp. xxv, 294. Index. 55s.

Fiscal Policy in Under‐developed Countries. By Raja J. Chelliah. George Allen and Unwin, London. 1969. Second edition. Pp. 216. 35s. (cloth) and 20s. (paper).

Capitalism, Primitive and Modern: Some Aspects of Tolai Economic Growth. By T. Scarlett Epstein. Manchester University Press. 1968. Pp. xxiv, 182. Index. Bibliography. 28 tables. 5 maps. Plates. 45s.

African Integration and Disintegration. Ed. by Arthur Hazlewood. Case Studies in Economic and Political Union. Oxford University Press, London. Pp. xii, 414. 75s.

Economic Integration among Developing Countries. By F. Kahnert, P. Richards, E. Stoutjesdijk and P. Thomopoulos. O.E.C.D. Development Centre, Paris. Pp. 162. 27s. 6d.

Turkey, the Challenge of Growth. By Z. Y. Hershlag. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1968. Second edition. Pp. xviii, 406. Index. 86 guilders.

An Economic Profile of Mainland China. Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress, with a Foreword by Senator William Proxmire. Praeger Special Studies in International Economics and Development. Praeger, New York. 1968. Pall Mall Press, London. 1969. Pp. 604. $18.50 and 155s.

The Spatial Economy of Communist China. By Tuan‐li Wu with H. C. Ling and Grace Hsiaolok. Published for the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, by Frederick A. Praeger, New York. Pall Mall Press, London. 1967. Pp. vii, 367. $10.

Capital Formation and Economic Development in Mexico. By Joseph S. La Cascia. Praeger, New York. 1969. Pp. xix, 191. No index. £6 5s.

Economic and Social Development Plan for Eastern Thrace (Turkey). By the Ministry of Reconstruction and Resettlement, Turkey, and the Association Bretonne de Géographie Appliquée, France. Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, Paris. 1968. Pp. 165. No index. 20 maps and diagrams. Tables. $2.50.

Economic Planning in Turkey. By Z. Y. Hershlag. The Economic Research Foundation (P.O.B. 423, Beyoglu), Istanbul. 1968. Pp. 75, No index. $2.00.

Economic Policy‐Making and Development in Brazil 1947–1964. By Nathaniel H. Leff. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1968. Pp. xi, 201. Tables. Index. $79.

Regional Economic Growth: Theory and Policy. By Horst Siebert. International Textbook Company. 1969.

The Soviet Economy. By Alec Nove. George Allen and Unwin, London. 1968. 3^rd revised edition. Pp. 373. Index. 28s. (paper).

The Soviet Economy. By Nicolas Spulber. W. W. Norton, New York. 1969. Revised edition. Pp. xiv, 329. Index. $8.95.

Evaluating the Results of Foreign Policy: Soviet and Amercian Efforts in India. By Richard L. Siegel. The Social Science Foundation and Graduate School of International Studies Monograph Series in World Affairs, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado. Volume 6, Monograph No. A—1968–69, Pp. 35.

Economic Development and Structural Change. Edited by I. G. Stewart. Edinburgh University Press. Pp. 193. 1969. 50s.

International Economics. By Sidney J. Wells. George Allen and Unwin, London. 1969. Pp. 332. 48s.     

Reframing the rising powers debate: state transformation and foreign policy

Abstract

The volume that we introduce breaks with the prevalent tendency in International Relations (IR) scholarship to treat rising powers (such as China, Russia, India and Brazil) as unitary actors in international politics. Although a neat demarcation of the domestic and international domains, on which the notion of unitary agency is premised, has always been a myth, these states’ uneven integration into the global political economy has eroded this perspective’s empirical purchase considerably. Instead, this collection advances the concept of ‘state transformation’ as a useful lens through which to examine rising power states’ foreign policymaking and implementation. State transformation refers to the pluralisation of cross-border state agency via contested and uneven processes of fragmentation, decentralisation and internationalisation of state apparatuses. The volume demonstrates the significance of state transformation processes for explaining some of these states’ most important foreign policy agendas, and outlines the implications for the wider field in IR.     

The Development-Insecurity Nexus in China’s Near-Abroad: Rethinking Cross-Border Economic Integration in an Era of State Transformation

Surprisingly, perhaps, China’s flagship Belt and Road Initiative expresses a familiar mix of the security–development nexus and liberal interdependence thesis: Chinese leaders expect economic development and integration will stabilise and secure neighbouring states and improve inter-state relations. However, drawing on the record of China’s intensive economic interaction with Myanmar, we argue that the opposite outcome may occur, for two reasons. First, capitalist development is inherently conflict-prone. Second, moreover, China’s cross-border economic relations today are shaped by state transformation – the fragmentation, decentralisation and internationalisation of party-state apparatuses. Accordingly, economic relations often emerge not from coherent national strategies, but from the uncoordinated, even contradictory, activities of various state and non-state agencies at multiple scales, which may exacerbate capitalist development’s conflictual aspects and undermine official policy goals. In the Sino-Myanmar case, the lead Chinese actors creating and managing cross-border economic engagements are sub-national agencies and enterprises based in, or operating through, Yunnan province. The rapacious form of development they have pursued has exacerbated insecurity, helped to reignite ethnic conflict in Myanmar’s borderlands, and plunged bilateral relations into crisis. Consequently, the Chinese government has had to change its policy and intervene in Myanmar’s domestic affairs to promote peace negotiations.     

Avian influenza, ‘viral sovereignty’, and the politics of health security in Indonesia

Abstract

In December 2006, Indonesian Health Minister, Siti Fadilah Supari, shocked the world when announcing her government would no longer be sharing samples of the H5N1 avian flu virus, collected from Indonesian patients, with the World Health Organization, at a time when global fears of a deadly influenza pandemic were running high. For observers of Southeast Asian politics, the decision reinforced the view of the region as made up of states determined to protect their national sovereignty, at almost all costs. This established view of the region, however, generally neglects the variable and selective manner in which sovereignty has been invoked by Southeast Asian governments, or parts thereof, and fails to identify the conditions shaping the deployment of sovereignty. In this paper, it is argued that Siti's action was designed to harness claims of sovereignty to a domestic political struggle. It was a response to the growing fragmentation and, in some cases, denationalisation of the governance apparatus dealing with public health in Indonesia, along with the ‘securitisation’ of H5N1 internationally. The examination of the virus-sharing dispute demonstrates that in Southeast Asia sovereignty is not so much the ends of government action, but the means utilised by government actors for advancing particular political goals.