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This analysis considers the question of whether resettlement schemes really relieve population pressure or help achieve a better regional balance between population and resource distribution in a manner consistent with Nepal's national objective of agricultural growth with social justice. The 1st part of the analysis discusses population pressure, followed by the conceptualization of ecodemographic relations and sociodemographic relations. The 2nd part of the analysis considers Nepal's agrarian economy along with a case-study examination of its contemporary resettlement project in Chitwan district. Finally, information is presented from a field survey conducted in Chitwan in 1979, which support the assertions that: the sociodemographic relations -- not population pressure as such -- are the primary roots of agrarian development problems in a country like Nepal; and resettlement schemes, when implemented without due consideration of the pervasive sociodemographic relations, are a deficient technical fix to imbalances in ecodemographic relations. Nepal provides a typical example of ecodemographic imbalances in the regional distribution of population and resources. Although the Hill and Mountain regions make up almost 60% of Nepal's total population, they share less than 30% of the total land under cultivation. The Tarai region, which is the northern extension of the Gangetic Plain in India, occupies over 70% of the cultivated land and supports only slightly over 40% of the population. As the case study illustrates, development strategies such as land resettlement are invariably formulated and implemented as a technical solution within the framework of ecodemographic relations. Little attention is directed to addressing the social dimension of these programs, i.e., the structual problems directly associated with the existing sociodemographic relations. Development, or land resettlement in the present case, is not simply a technical issue concerned with land reclamation and its management. It is also a social issue, because the sociodemographic relations determine significantly the direction (or directions) that resettlement programs take. When development policies make little effort to tackle the underlying forces of these relations, resettlement schemes result in the reconstitution of class divisions and disparity in the ownership of resources in newly resettled areas. 相似文献
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Nanda R. Shrestha 《The Journal of peasant studies》2013,40(3):452-475
Peasants are more than objects of theoretical analysis and intellectual exercise, distanced from the day-to-day life that they live. This study portrays how peasants' lives have changed as a result of failed development and what the future may hold for the Nepali peasantry. It is an unfolding story of growing vulnerability gripping peasant livelihood, a story based on direct observations and discussions with numerous peasants during several field studies, as well as personal experience and background. 相似文献
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Han Zaw Z.; Khine Tin Tin; Ahmad Imtinan; Shrestha Sunil; Leff Laurence L. 《International Journal of Law and Information Technology》2007,15(3):233-252
We used the XML Rule system, earlier described in 7, 14, and16, to simulate litigation arising from electronic commercein a purchase order situation. This work is distinguished byusing XML documents that comply with standards, especially thosefrom OASIS. 相似文献
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Less developed countries (LDCs) that were colonies of other nations continued operating under the same social and political structures set up by the former ruling nations. The small minority of elites in the LDCs held on to the power acquired during colonial times. In order to preserve their political and financial status after independence, they maintained their close linkages to the capitalist nations and their multinational corporations (MNCs). The elites did not generally have popular support, however. These capitalist nations and their commercial interests continue to dictate most LDCs development process which supports the financial interests of the MNCs and the local elites and not those of the majority, the poor. The poor realize that they are trapped and unable to break away from the economic and political structures, therefore, to assure some form of security, they have many children which exacerbates their poverty. Yet population control policies based on Malthusian theory and those that rely on such undimensional, technical approaches as family planning alone cannot cure the multidimensional social problems of high population growth and poverty. Neither the Malthusian nor Marxist theories totally explain the situation in the LDCs or even provide workable solutions. Research on population and development in LDCs needs to address both the Malthusian concern for the problems posed by high growth rates and the Marxist critique of class struggle in development trends. To eliminate the trap of poverty and dependent economies, each country must design its own remedies based on its history, culture, and geography and alter the prevailing social, economic, and political power structures in favor of the poor. 6 propositions that must be modified to each nation's particular problems and needs are presented to guide LDCs in formulating or reformulating policies to alleviate the problems of population and poverty. 相似文献
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Ronnie Vernooy Bhuwon Sthapit Gloria Otieno Pitambar Shrestha Arnab Gupta 《Development in Practice》2017,27(3):316-327
Although community level seed-saving initiatives have been around for about 30 years, until recently they have received little attention in the scientific literature on climate change adaptation and plant genetic resources. Based on research experiences from various countries, this article argues that community seed banks can enhance the resilience of farmers, in particular of communities and households most affected by climate change. Community seed banks can secure improved access to, and availability of, diverse, locally adapted crops and varieties, and enhance related indigenous knowledge and skills in plant management, including seed selection, treatment, storage, multiplication, and distribution. 相似文献
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Network Structure,Strength of Relationships,and Communities’ Success in Project Implementation
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Manoj K. Shrestha 《Public administration review》2018,78(2):284-294
Studies of network effectiveness in the collaborative public program setting commonly have found that actors with more organizational partners, more indirect (bridging) ties to other partners, and more cohesive relationships among partners have greater success in implementing projects. This article contributes to this literature by developing and testing hypotheses about how strength of relationships, measured by frequency of contacts, moderates these results. In the context of community water supply projects in Nepal, the article shows that greater frequency of contacts between communities and organizational partners enhances the impact of having more partners and more cohesive relationships among partners but decreases the impact of having more indirect connections. For practitioners and network theorists, these findings highlight the importance of strength of relationships in the link between networks and performance. 相似文献
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Manoj K. Shrestha 《Public administration review》2013,73(1):154-164
Most research examining the relationship between social capital and outcomes focuses on either internal social capital or external social capital. This article examines the impact of both internal and external social capital on the success of self‐organizing community initiatives. A study of community water projects in a developing country, Nepal, shows that communities that enjoy less internal conflict and more external partnerships are more likely to be successful in securing agency funds for their projects. Also, communities face trade‐offs between internal and external social capital. These dimensions of social capital are not perfect substitutes, and communities that maintain a strategic balance between the two maximize gains from a trade‐off. Moreover, such an optimal choice is dependent on the level of internal and external social capital that these communities hold. 相似文献
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N. T. Son T. V. Hieu R. P. Shrestha N. T. Trieu N. V. Kien V. T. Anh P. A. Dung H. N. Duc N. M. Du N. X. Niem 《Asia Europe Journal》2008,6(2):307-324
The greatest concern confronting resources managers for years in the Vietnamese Mekong delta was mismanagement of land use
and natural resources. This paper considers the integrated land-use planning approach developed by Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) and United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) to assess the suitability of agricultural production systems and examine
socioeconomic factors affecting household (HH) land-use decision making and natural resources management in agricultural landscapes.
Various data were spatially and socioeconomically gathered through HH survey and qualitative methods. The findings indicated
that a large proportion of the area under existing production systems didn’t match its land requirement and the resources
management was partially effective due to socioeconomic driving forces. Land-use options and management measures were thus
made upon the land suitability and socioeconomic analyses to secure the rural livelihoods in respect to restoration of degraded
native ecosystems. This could only be realized if having institutional instruments and an improved awareness of farmers on
land mapping units (LMU) through agricultural extension and credit assess services.
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