Marathon on The Great Wall

<正>When I crossed the finish line after five-and-a-half grueling hours of running,the first words out of my mouth were,"I’m never,ever doing that again."But,to be honest,all the training and the pain were worth it to be able to participate in the Great Wall     

DAKAWA DEVELOPMENT CENTRE: AN AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS SETTLEMENT IN TANZANIA, 1982-1992

The records of the African National Congress (ANC) in exileare being deposited in the Liberation Archives at the Universityof Fort Hare. Using these documents, it is now possible to aspireto a more subtle and realistic picture of exile as a factorin the modern history of South Africa. The article uses theserecords, and oral sources, to depict life at the Dakawa DevelopmentCentre, an ANC settlement in Tanzania from 1982 to 1992. Theorigins of the settlement are described, as are its functions.These included the preparation of students for the Solomon MahlanguFreedom College, at Mazimbu, near Morogoro; the ‘rehabilitation’of those who, for various reasons, had diverged from norms acceptableto the ANC authorities; the production of agricultural and lightindustrial goods; the training of skilled workers, and, latterly,the creation of a cultural centre. These and other aspects areseen against the background of sometimes conflicting politicsat the Centre, and in relation to the stresses of exile in anoften difficult and unhealthy environment. Finally, the impactof the political changes of the early 1990s on this communityis described.     

Will She Stay or Will She Go? Career Ceilings and Women's Retirement from the U.S. Congress

This article offers the first broad‐based, systematic, times‐series assessment of the gender dynamics underlying congressional retirement. We extend the body of work on gender and representation by using the congressional retirement literature to develop an argument that accounts for the gender gap in the average length of congressional service. Our results indicate that women are less willing than men to remain in Congress when their ability to influence the legislative agenda stalls. Because of women's relatively early departures from the House of Representatives, our analysis suggests that prospects for women's representation are less promising than the conventional wisdom suggests.     

Economic development and democracy: An electoral connection

Scholars continue to debate whether economic development affects regime type. This article argues that a clear relationship exists between development and the electoral component of democracy, but not – or at least less so – between development and other components of broader understandings of democracy. This is so because development enhances the power resources of citizens and elections provide a focal point for collective action. The theory is tested with two new datasets – Varieties of Democracy and Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy – that allow us to disaggregate the concept of democracy into meso- and micro-level indicators. Results of these tests corroborate the theory: only election-centred indicators are robustly associated with economic development. This may help to account for apparent inconsistencies across extant studies and shed light on the mechanisms at work in a much-studied relationship. Further analysis shows that development affects electoral democracy by reducing electoral fraud, election violence and vote buying.     

Reexamining the Institutional Effects of Term Limits in U.S. State Legislatures

Research on term limits suggests that they have substantial consequences for the power of legislatures vis‐à‐vis the executive and interest groups and for the relationship between leaders and rank‐and‐file members within a chamber. Existing work, however, has not accounted for the actual power of relevant state actors. We contribute to this research by examining the effect of term limits on the influence of institutional actors conditional on the existing political power structure in a state. The inclusion of controls for the direct and moderating effect of actual institutional power suggests some significant extensions of previous findings regarding the institutional effects of term limits.     

TOWARD A BIFURCATED THEORY OF EMOTIONAL DETERRENCE

Since Hobbes (1957 [1651] and Beccaria (1963 [1764]), scholars have theorized that the emotion of fear is critical for deterrence. Nevertheless, contemporary deterrence researchers have mostly overlooked the distinction between perceived sanction risk and fear of apprehension. Whereas perceived risk is a cognitive judgment, fear involves visceral feelings of anxiety or dread. Equally important, a theory explicating the influence of deterrence on both criminal propensity and situational offending has remained elusive. We develop a theoretical model in which perceived risk and fear are distinguished at both the general and situational levels. We test this theoretical model with data from a set of survey‐based experiments conducted in 2016 with a nationwide sample of adults (N = 965). We find that perceived risk and fear are empirically distinct and that perceived risk is positively related to fear at both the general and situational levels. Certain background and situational factors have indirect effects through perceived risk on fear. In turn, perceived risk has indirect effects through fear on both criminal propensity and situational intentions to offend. Fear's inclusion increases explanatory power for both criminal propensity and situational offending intentions. Fear is a stronger predictor than either self‐control or prior offending of situational intentions to offend.