红外线照射谷物表面杀菌的研究

利用红外线对小麦和大豆的表面进行照射杀菌,比较不同红外线照射条件对附着生菌数、杀菌效果及对品质的影响。结果表明:红外线照射可在较短时间内杀死对热比较敏感的微生物,照射1s后生存比急剧下降,而接续的照射由于对热抵抗性较强的微生物存在,生存比的下降缓慢。对品质分析和发芽试验也证明:照射后水分含量变化不明显,小麦在2%左右,大豆没有发生变化,对谷物内部品质几乎没有影响。红外线照射引起微生物的死亡不是由谷物表面受热后再向微生物传导加热,而是微生物直接受红外线辐射的热致死的。     

Does taxation lose its role in contemporary democratisation? State revenue production revisited in the third wave of democratisation

Echoing the call for ‘no taxation without representation’, the development of modern taxation went hand-in-hand with Western democratisation. However, taxation appears to have lost its role in the third wave of democratisation. Unlike early democratisers, contemporary autocracies tend to introduce a ready-made modern taxation system before democratisation. With advice from international organisations, the value added tax (VAT), which mature democracies innovated, has been adopted for economic adjustment and development in globalised markets. Despite these divergences, it is argued in this article that a fundamental relationship between taxation and representation remains. Taxation inherently involves a social contract between revenue-seeking rulers and citizens, and thus involves their bargaining over representation. Therefore, the production of state revenue intervenes in contemporary democratisation as well. By factoring in the effect of the VAT in 143 developing countries between 1960 and 2007, an entropy-balancing analysis has confirmed its important role in contemporary democratisation. The taxation-democratisation linkage has travelled from early to contemporary democratisation.