Die Konstruktion der soziologischen Realität durch Forschungsrating

The article subjects the research rating of sociology, published in 2008 and carried out by an evaluation group on behalf of the German Science Council, to a secondary analysis. It is shown that the research rating constructs a reality of sociology which does justice neither to the variety of sociological knowledge production nor to its own claim of multidimensionality. Unwillingly, the peer reviewed article has imposed itself as the dominant criterion for assessing the research quality of research units against other types of publication and other activities such as externally funded research, knowledge transfer for practical problem-solving and knowledge diffusion in the public sphere. This preference also affected the assessment of entire research institutions with regard to their impact and efficiency as well as the devaluation of knowledge transfer and diffusion. In this way, sociology is limited to the type of professional sociology, while critical, public and policy-oriented sociology are displaced.     

The influence of personality on violent victimization – a study on police officers

The current study aims to examine the influence of police officer characteristics, civilian characteristics, and possible interactions between both on violent victimization of police officers. Based on literature distinguishing between ‘provocative’ and ‘submissive’ victims, focus is given on effects of police officers’ personality in terms of the five-factor model plus risk-taking. Patrol police officers (n?=?1813) from Lower Saxony, Germany, completed a paper-and-pencil survey including personality assessments as well as questions about their last three police encounters. Binary logistic multilevel regression analyses demonstrate that police officers with higher scores on neuroticism and openness to experience were more likely to be violently attacked. Furthermore, agreeableness reduced police officers’ risk of violent victimization, while risk-taking and neuroticism increased their risk when confronted with a violent civilian. The study indicates that personality and especially traits that are assumed to provoke potential perpetrators were linked with violent victimization. It further stresses the need to include perpetrator attributes in victim studies in order to identify relevant interaction effects between both parties.     

Ecological Belief in a Just World

To date, there is considerable evidence that the perception of injustice influences environmental behavior in a positive way. Nevertheless, some people do not take action, even if the injustice seems obvious. Concerning this matter, approaches like the belief in a just world theory or system justification theory provide an explanation. However, so far, there is no scientific research on whether the perception of ecological justice, which is taken for granted, concerning an ecological belief in a just world (EBJW) may lead to differences in people’s environmental behavior. This paper investigates a newly conceived construct of the EBJW, regarding its occurrence as well as its disposition in the context of other constructs. Therefore, a new scale has been developed for the purpose of this study by means of a questionnaire with German citizens (n = 312) examining motives for energy-relevant behavior. The scale analyses confirm the validity of the new scale. Even though the EBJW did not score high in the total sample, possibly due to significant differences between the participants (particularly socio-demographic variables and different group memberships) it can be stated that there is definitely a relationship between the EBJW and justification arguments and, ultimately, a lack of responsibility for energy saving. Regression analyses reveal that the EBJW, together with cognitive and affective appraisals of justice, can explain energy-relevant commitment, such as engagement in behavior that has negative impact on the climate. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the EBJW is measurable and that it seems to warrant further research.     

Introducing 3D Printed Models as Demonstrative Evidence at Criminal Trials

This case report presents one of the first reported uses of a 3D printed exhibit in an English homicide trial, in which two defendants were accused of beating their victim to death. The investigation of this crime included a micro‐CT scan of the victim's skull, which assisted the pathologist to determine the circumstances of the assault, in particular regarding the number of assault weapons and perpetrators. The scan showed two distinct injury shapes, suggesting the use of either two weapons or a single weapon with geometrically distinct surfaces. It subsequently served as the basis for a 3D print, which was shown in court in one of the first examples that 3D printed physical models have been introduced as evidence in a criminal trial in the United Kingdom. This paper presents the decision‐making process of whether to use 3D printed evidence or not.     

A Holistic Multi-Scale Approach to Using 3D Scanning Technology in Accident Reconstruction

Three-dimensional scanning and documentation methods are becoming increasingly employed by law enforcement personnel for crime scene and accident scene recording. Three-dimensional documentation of the victim's body in such cases is also increasingly used as the field of forensic radiology and imaging is expanding rapidly. These scanning technologies enable a more complete and detailed documentation than standard autopsy. This was used to examine a fatal pedestrian-vehicle collision where the pedestrian was killed by a van while crossing the road. Two competing scenarios were considered for the vehicle speed calculation: the pedestrian being projected forward by the impact or the pedestrian being carried on the vehicle's bonnet. In order to assist with this, the impact area of the accident vehicle was scanned using laser surface scanning, the victim was scanned using postmortem CT and micro-CT and the data sets were combined to virtually match features of the vehicle to injuries on the victim. Micro-CT revealed additional injuries not previously detected, lending support to the pedestrian-carry theory.     

Arbitrating a fiction: Canadian federalism and the Nova Scotia/ Newfoundland and Labrador boundary dispute

Abstract: The offshore area between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador and the natural resources that it holds have recently been the subject of dispute between the two provinces. Constitutionally, jurisdiction for offshore resources belongs to the federal government. Control over development and revenue has been shared with the provinces through joint management accords. In order to deal with the dispute over where the offshore boundary between the two provinces lies, the accords provide for arbitration by a tribunal reporting to the federal minister of natural resources. That tribunal has now completed its work. This article analyses the tribunal, its terms of reference, and its findings, and concludes that the tribunal process was flawed. There are reasons to doubt the appropriateness of its role, the method by which it made its decision, and the legality of its findings. Ultimately, the tribunal's process perpetuates the myth that what is being discussed are genuine boundaries between the provinces. The boundary is, in that regard, a fiction. In fact, the process is simply apportioning federal resources between two provinces. The tribunal cloaks a political decision in legal garb. The minister of natural resources is able to avoid political responsibility for making a decision by relying on a pseudo‐judicial body for technical recommendations. As in many of the other practices that have come to dominate intergovernmental relations in Canada, the accountability of governments is lost in the process. Sommaire: La zone cotière entre la Nouvelle‐Éacosse, Terre‐Neuve et le Labrador ainsi que les resources naturelles qu'elle comporte ont réacemment fait l'objet de conflits entre les deux provinces. Conformément à la constitution, les resources en mer sont du ressort du gouvernement féadéral. Le contrôle de la mise en valeur et des revenus a été partagé avec les provinces par le biais d'accords de gestion conjoints. Ces accords prévoient l'arbitrage par un tribunal relevant du ministre fédéral des Ressources naturelles pour traiter les conflits concernant la frontière au large des côtes entre les deux provinces. Ce tribunal a maintenant terminé son travail. Le présent article offre une analyse de ce tribunal, de son mandat, et de ses conclusions, et relève que le processus du tribunal était défectueux. Il existe des raisons de douter du caractère adhuat de son rôle, de la méthode par laquelle il a pris sa décision et de la légalité de ses conclusions. Enfin, le processus du tribunal perpétue le mythe selon lequel l'enjeu des discussions porte sur les véritables frontières entre les provinces. La frontière est, à cet égard, de la fiction. En fait, le processus répartit tout simplement les ressources fédérales entre deux provinces. Le tribunal masque une décision politique sous un déguisement juridique. Le ministre des Ressources naturelles arrive àéviter la responsabilité politique d'une décision en comptant sur un organe pseudo‐juridique pour présenter des recommandations techniques. Comme cela est le cas dans de nombreuses pratiques qui dominent aujourd'hui les relations inter‐gouvemementales au Canada, l'imputabilité des gouvernements se perd dans le processus.     

Why are some ethnic groups more violent than others? The role of friendship network's ethnic composition

Ethnic differences in violent behavior can be found in official crime statistics, as well as in surveys on juvenile delinquency. To explain these differences, research mainly focuses on factors like parental violence, violence legitimizing norms of masculinity, or socio-economic status. Little research has examined the role of friendship network's ethnic composition on ethnic differences in violent behavior, although different sociological and criminological theories suggest that the composition of friendship networks can play an important role for attitudes and behavior of its members. Using data of a survey conducted in 2006 among all ninth-grade pupils in Hanover (Germany), we investigated the influence of friendship network's ethnic composition on violent behavior in general, and on ethnic differences in violent behavior in particular. Due to the specific sampling procedure, it was also possible to look for neighborhood effects both on (ethnic differences in) juvenile delinquency and friendship network composition. Findings indicate that there are significant differences in the network composition across the ethnic groups. After controlling for these network characteristics, ethnic differences in violent behavior disappeared. Furthermore, the results show that the friendship network's ethnic composition also depends on community characteristics.     

Der European Research Council als Ordnungsanspruch des europäischen Projekts im akademischen Feld

The European Union wants the “European Research Area” to become a process with its own competitive dynamics between national academic traditions and the global hegemony of US research. At first glance, such a Europeanization of Higher Education is vertically posited by the EU Research Framework Programmes. In addition and beyond that, the European Research Council (ERC) establishes a genuinely European academic logic fueled by strategies aimed at scientific autonomy. It does so by creating competition in accordance with meritocratic rules of academic legitimacy. As a result, both governance-oriented and critical idealist elites actively relate to the ERC as a European institution and bestow it with the ability of consecrating academic excellence. As a consequence, they contribute to the discursive construction of a European order characterized by a symbolic and material integration of elites, the opening up of national fields and the primacy of economic competition.