Urban youth under stress: Empirical identification of protective factors

Explored the influence of life stress as mediated or moderated by locus of control, family environment, social support, and coping style on psychological adjustment and school performance in 164 ninth graders from Baltimore. Gender differences in findings were shown. For boys, family cohesion was the only variable found to protect against the effects of stress. Family cohesion did not serve protective functions for girls, and along with overall social support, was associated with increased vulnerability to school problems. The report of problem-focused coping strategies exerted a number of protective functions for girls only. External locus of control was found to increase boys' and girls' vulnerability to the effects of life stress. Empirical development of interventions to improve the psychosocial adjustment of inner-city adolescents is discussed.Received Ph.D. from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1991. Research interests include evaluation of school mental health services, empirical development of interventions for children, and the impact of violence on urban youth.Received B.A. from Cornell University. Interests include stress and coping in children, identification of resilience factors, and evaluation of child mental health systems of care.Received Ph.D. from the University of Oklahoma in 1967. Research interests include psychophysiology, sleep disorders, and biofeedback and instrumentation.Received B.A. from Loyola College. Interested in applied work with adolescents and adults.Received M.D. from Duke University in 1968. Research interests include training in child and adolescent psychiatry, adolescent psychopathology, and the development of school mental health programs.     

Female serial killers in the United States: means,motives, and makings

Most studies that have focused on female serial killers (FSKs), although informative, have examined limited sample sizes. We consulted mass media reports of demographics, motives, methods, mental health, and victim characteristics of 64 FSKs who committed their crimes in the US from 1821 to 2008. Consistent with other studies, our data showed that FSKs were typically White, educated, have been married, and held a caregiving role (e.g. mother, health care worker). Nearly 40% of FSKs in this sample experienced some form of mental illness. Their most common motive for murder was financial gain, and their most common method of killing was poisoning. FSKs knew all or most of their victims, and most were related to their victims. In all cases, FSKs targeted at least one victim who was a child, elderly, or infirm – those who had little chance of fighting back. We interpret these killers’ behaviors from clinical and evolutionary angles.     

Books in review

He is the co-author, with William G. Scott, of Organizational Values in America.     

Privacy,confidentiality, and the use of Canadian health information for research and statistics

Abstract: Concern for privacy and confidentiality is a strategic barrier to the use of personal information for expanded Canadian health research and statistics, more effective services, and better use of resources. This article identifies such privacy concerns, seeks to explain them, and identifies various responses. Specific misgivings of privacy advocates must be addressed, if data protection problems are not to impede an improved national health information system. It is essential that legislation, policies, and practices affecting a national health information system enshrine the existence of a clear, functional separation between research and/or statistical and administrative uses of personal data. Ensuring true informed consent for secondary uses of personal information is a potential blockage to a strengthened health information system in Canada, since so much of the relevant data originates in unrelated transactional situations. The National Council on Health Information should actively promote the enactment of general data protection legislation for the public sector in the eight provinces without such laws in effect, since the existence of sound data protection, including an ombudsperson to promote implementation, will facilitate the development of an advanced health information system under controlled conditions. Sommaire: Le souci de protéger le caractère privé et confidentiel de certaines données constitue un obstacle stratégique à l'utilisation des renseignements personnels pour faire davantage de recherches et recueillir plus de statistiques sur la santé au Canada, pour mettre en place des services plus efficaces et pour faire meilleur usage des ressources. Cet article identifie de telles préoccupations face au respect de la vie privée, tente de les expliquer et y apporte diverses réponses. Les craintes exprimées par les défenseurs du droit à la vie privée doivent être apaisées pour que les problèmes de protection des données n'interferent pas avec la mise en place d'un meilleur système national de renseignements sur la santé. II est essentiel que les lois, les politiques et les pratiques relatives à un système national de renseignements sur la santéétablissent officiellement une séparation claire et fonctionnelle entre l'utilisation des données personnelles pour la recherche ou les statistiques et leur usage à des fins administratives. En exigeant le consentement explicite d'une personne en ce qui concerne les utilisations secondaires des données personnelles, on crée un obstacle potentiel à la mise sur pied d'un système consolidé de données sur la santé au Canada, car énormément de données pertinentes proviennent de situations transactionnelles sans relations. Le Conseil national d'information sur la santé devrait activement promouvoir l'implantation de lois générales sur la protection des données du secteur public dans les huit provinces où une telle législation n'existe pas actuellement. Car un système adéquat de protection des données, comprenant notamment un ombudsman chargé de veiller à l'application des lois, facilitera l'élaboration dans des conditions réglementées d'un système plus avancé de renseignements sur la santé.     

Gateway to Equality: desegregation and the American Association of University Women in St Louis,Missouri

In 1946 the National Board of the American Association of University Women (AAUW) adopted a policy of racial non-discrimination, and in 1949 amended its bylaws to allow any woman with a degree from an approved institution admission into local branches, regardless of the local branch members’ approval. Many local branches resisted this move, which had the effect of allowing African American women admission. In St Louis, Missouri, the move caused a rift within the local branch. The St Louis group divided into the St Louis Branch of the American Association of University Women and The College Club of St Louis, and the split prompted a lawsuit over the groups’ property (Graham v Kirchner 1956, Missouri Supreme Court). This research explores the historical process of racial desegregation in St Louis in the context of a voluntary, progressive women's organization and reflects on the power of women's organizations to promote social change. This case study sheds light on the strength of social norms regarding racial segregation in a city in a ‘border state’ without the legally entrenched segregation found in many other southern cities during this time.     

The noble cause: An empirical assessment

Literature on police ethics has employed the term “noble cause” to describe a utilitarian orientation toward crime control. No empirical research, however, has systematically investigated the noble cause, a shortcoming addressed in this study. A survey of deputies in a western sheriff's office provided the setting for the current research. Twelve items tapping the noble cause revealed a multidimensional latent structure composed of three factors. Findings did not support the presence of a link between measures of the noble cause and crime. A positive though inconsistent relationship was found between measures of the noble cause and deputies' attitudes toward administrators.