Corporate Social Responsibility: A Step Towards Stronger Involvement of Business in MEA Implementation?

This article explores the relationship between multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). It offers an overview of the linkages, a survey of relevant provisions of key MEAs, and a review of the relationship between global trade rules and MEAs. Finally, the article highlights three ongoing discussions with relevance to linkages between CSR and MEAs: (1) whether, and if so how, to identify minimum global business standards in the environmental sphere; (2) the rapidly evolving 'sub-theme' within the CSR agenda which addresses the business/development interface, and the contribution of business to poverty reduction, sustainable livelihoods and achieving the Millennium Development Goals; and (3) the development by the International Organization for Standardization of an international guidance standard on 'organizational social responsibility', which, if adopted, will become ISO 26000. The risk of seeing CSR as a new pathway to MEA implementation is that the role of MEAs in informing the development of minimum acceptable environmental norms of business behaviour will be 'watered down'. If MEAs are to learn from CSR, their competitors and often stronger counterparts in the international architecture – intergovernmental trade and investment arrangements – also need to be equipped not only to be sensitive to CSR, but actively to support it. ¹     

More Twists, Turns and Stumbles in the Jungle: A Further Exploration of Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Decisions within the Kyoto Protocol

This article traces the history of decisions relating to land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, for the period from 2001 until the present. It follows from an earlier article written by the author. As times progress, matters relating to LULUCF become more convoluted and complex. The article explores such issues as the definition of a forest, what constitutes 'Kyoto land', modalities for afforestation and reforestation under the Clean Development Mechanism, greenhouse gas inventories, reporting and reviews, and possible actions to reduce emissions from deforestation. The article also looks at the role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and its input into the science and policy-making process relating to LULUCF.     

猪ERK6基因编码区的克隆及组织表达谱分析

利用RT-PCR方法扩增了猪ERK6基因编码区的序列,将扩增产物与pMD18-T载体连接,构建了重组质粒;重组质粒经PCR、酶切鉴定后进行测序;采用Northern杂交和半定量RT-PCR方法在猪不同部位骨骼肌中分析了ERK6基因转录本的个数、大小及组织表达谱。结果显示,所克隆的猪ERK6基因片段长1 113 bp,含有1个1 104 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),该ORF编码367个氨基酸;该基因与已报道的人ERK6基因核苷酸序列相似性为90%;猪ERK6基因在肌肉组织中只有一个转录本,大小约1.5 kb。此基因在骨骼肌中的表达量最高,心、子宫次之,卵巢最低;而在脂肪、胃、肝、脾、肺、肾、十二指肠和胰腺中未见表达。结果表明,猪ERK6基因与已报道的小鼠和人ERK6基因一样,主要在骨骼中特异表达。