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Gerardo Torres Salcido Mario del Roble Pensado Leglise Andrew Smolski 《Development in Practice》2015,25(3):293-305
Traditional food supply systems, like municipal public markets (MPM), are in crisis. Nevertheless, MPMs continue to demonstrate importance in the lives of the cities. In this article we discuss the case of Mexico City and the importance of the public markets for its neighbourhoods. We present the results of two research projects, completed in Mexico City at two different historical times and interpreted longitudinally. The results demonstrate the importance of socio-economic relationships for MPM's survival and potential. The article concludes with public policy recommendations to permit conservation, given the MPM's importance for the city's social cohesion. 相似文献
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Luis Gerardo Gabaldón 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,52(2):207-223
Literature often emphasizes the use of force as a distinctive feature of police work, while risky encounters and uncertainty
are conditions under which such work is carried out daily. Conditions leading to the use of force by the police have been
associated with the presence of menacing minorities, losing verbal control, the youth and lack of experience of officers,
and critical physical proximity between officers and suspects. Additionally, defiance towards the police has often been linked
to increased force used by the police. It is here proposed that uncertainty also fosters police officers’ dispositions to
use force. In this study, four focus groups were conducted with officers from two Venezuelan municipal police departments
in October 2003, presenting a hypothetical scenario progressing from contact with suspects towards an open confrontation involving
a shooting. Officers perceived, through different phases of the scenario, an encounter of no easily predictable outcome with
suspects, involving potential harm to the police and bystanders. A pattern seemed to appear among officers in which overcoming
real or assumed resistance became the central issue. When physical confrontation with suspects became evident, self defence
was the clearest justification for the use of force, though the use of force was also defended by officers without further
elaboration on the requirements and conditions for effectively thwarting aggression. It appears that uncertainty about the
outcome of a situation fosters both the disposition and the justification for using force.
相似文献
Luis Gerardo GabaldónEmail: |
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Gerardo Papalia 《澳大利亚政治与历史杂志》2020,66(2):214-231
This article argues that the widespread internment of Italian-Australian civilians during the Second World War was the product of two overlapping discourses. One was the policy of the Italian Fascist government to consider the Italian diaspora as an extension of Italy. It established an articulated and wide-ranging network that sustained migrant loyalty through cultural and welfare activities as well as by surveillance and threats of retaliation. The other discourse was the widespread belief, reflected in the Commonwealth's security policy, that all Italian-Australians were potential adherents to an enemy “Fifth Column”. Whilst there is substantial evidence that Italian migrants sought to resist both discourses, in particular by naturalizing, the overlap between them facilitated the Commonwealth's decision to intern almost one third of male Italian-Australian civilians. Ultimately, internment caused much suffering: the vast majority of Italian-Australians, to the extent that they believed in Fascist propaganda, did so mainly out of patriotic pride in Italy and not ideological conviction. At the end of the war, Australian authorities found that no Italian-Australian had engaged in espionage or in any serious act of sabotage. 相似文献
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This article assesses how much the emergence of civil society and private market activities are challenging Cuba's ruling communist regime. The assessment is based on a conceptualization of a "civil sphere," constituted by civil society and private market activities (or the "second economy"), and how this affects democratic transitions from state-socialist societies, using Cuba as a case study. Examining the multiple sectors at play reveals an increasingly organized and vocal opposition, but one hampered by continued government repression. Considering several theoretical and historically possible scenarios, this study concludes that under current conditions, the civil sphere's significant challenge is still not enough for a regime change in the Cuban state. 相似文献
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Gerardo L. Munck 《Democratization》2016,23(1):1-26
Works on the quality of democracy propose standards for evaluating politics beyond those encompassed by a minimal definition of democracy. Yet, what is the quality of democracy? This article first reconstructs and assesses current conceptualizations of the quality of democracy. Thereafter, it reconceptualizes the quality of democracy by equating it with democracy pure and simple, positing that democracy is a synthesis of political freedom and political equality, and spelling out the implications of this substantive assumption. The proposal is to broaden the concept of democracy to address two additional spheres: government decision-making – political institutions are democratic inasmuch as a majority of citizens can change the status quo – and the social environment of politics – the social context cannot turn the principles of political freedom and equality into mere formalities. Alternative specifications of democratic standards are considered and reasons for discarding them are provided. 相似文献
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P. A. J. Waddington Otto Adang David Baker Christopher Birkbeck Thomas Feltes Luis Gerardo Gabaldón Eduardo Paes Machado Philip Stenning 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,52(2):111-138
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
相似文献
P. A. J. Waddington (Corresponding author)Email: |
Otto AdangEmail: |
David BakerEmail: |
Christopher BirkbeckEmail: |
Thomas FeltesEmail: |
Luis Gerardo GabaldónEmail: |
Eduardo Paes MachadoEmail: |
Philip StenningEmail: |
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