Turkey – from tutelary to delegative democracy

Guillermo O’Donnell’s influential work ‘Delegative Democracy’ set the discourse on a peculiar type of democracy. Lying between representative democracy and authoritarianism, the uniqueness of delegative democracy lies in its features, including an absence of horizontal accountability, strong centralised rule, individual leadership with unchecked powers, a cult figure embodying the nation and clientelist practices. While delegative democracies seem to arise out of presidential systems, Turkey, though a parliamentary system, has also displayed the distinctive features of delegative democracies. This paper identifies three characteristics of delegative democracy, which are responsible for the lack of democratic consolidation, if not the erosion of democracy itself: anti-institutionalism, an anti-political agenda and clientelism. Arguing that delegative democracy is the best concept with which to examine contemporary Turkey, the paper lays out how, post-2011, Turkey has demonstrated the three elements of delegative democracy. The final section discusses the implications of the Turkish case for scrutinising the very possibility of delegative democracy in parliamentary regimes.     

广西打造中国-东盟自由贸易区区域物流中心的探讨

广西位于中国东南沿海经济圈、大西南经济圈交汇处,是华南通向西南的枢纽,也是中国进入东盟自由贸易区的桥头堡。中国—东盟自由贸易区(CAFTA)的建立,将更加凸显广西作     

土地革命战争时期东江地区工人运动

１９２７年４月中旬，国民党广东当局追随蒋介石集团，发动反革命政变，在广东实行了白色恐怖政策和反革命统治。广东东江地区①人民在中国共产党的领导下，奋起举行武装起义，反抗国民党反动派的白色恐怖政策，建立人民自己的苏维埃政权，创建和发展东江革命根据地②，在中国革命史上写下了光辉的一页。这个时期东江地区进行的工人运动，正是东江苏维埃运动的有机组成部分。深入了解东江苏维埃的工人运动的战斗历程，有助于更全面认识东江革命根据地的历史及其在中国革命史上的地位和作用。 大革命失败后，东江地区工人阶级面临的重要使命…     

经济政策与宪法规范

宪法与经济制度和经济政策的规定密不可分,国家权力配置和人权的内容也与经济政策和经济制度的规定密切相关。宪法文本明显规定的或者隐含着的对经济制度和经济政策的规定决定着宪法的本质,即是社会主义的还是资本主义的宪法、是自由民主的还是全权主义的宪法。当代宪法普遍支持对以个人为动力的市场竞争加上国家干预的综合,这不仅体现在很多国家的宪法文本对经济政策的明确规定,也体现在当代宪政结构中行政权的全面扩张,以及世界各国对以加强国家对社会财富的再分配为基础的社会性权利的普遍承认。理想化的国家干预市场的经济制度,与自由民主的政治制度构成一种伴生的关系。     

STR data for the AmpFlSTR SGM Plus from the eastern and western sections of Mediterranean region of Turkey

Allele frequencies of the 10 STR loci (D16S539, D2S1338, D3S1358, vWA, D18S51, D21S11, D8S1179, D19S433, FGA and TH01) included in the AmpFlSTR SGM Plus kit were determined in 107 unrelated individuals from the eastern section and 108 unrelated individuals from western section of Mediterranean region of Turkey. The expected performance of these loci for personal identification and paternity testing in these populations were estimated.     

我国农民向市民转化的适应过程

我国的农民市民化经历了一段曲折的历程,改革开放以后,我国农民市民化逐步走上了健康的发展道路。就我国目前情况来看,农民到市民的转变,要经过一系列的适应性变化过程：第一步是离开农村来到城市,在城市工作生活;第二步是取得城市的户籍,放弃农村的土地,正式定居城市,获得与市民的同等待遇和权利;第三步是真正的融入城市生活,完成了心理文化适应的转变过程,农民才能真正转变为市民。