Incumbency,internal processes and renomination in Indian parties

This paper analyses a critical aspect of the internal functioning of five major Indian political parties, namely the nomination of candidates for parliamentary elections, focusing on the pattern of renomination of former candidates and incumbents. The data are analysed against the literature on the structure and functioning of Indian parties, and interview material on the process of nomination in the 2009 and 2004 elections. From the perspective of a six-fold typology of centralisation of nomination processes drawn from the comparative literature, it is found that all the parties analysed are in either the second-most centralised, or even most centralised categories, and that for the three major national parties, Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party and Communist Party of India (Marxist), past performance plays a role in nominations, the majority of incumbents being renominated in the post-1989 period.     

渭南市完善干部选拔任用制度问题调查与思考

用什么样的制度与机制选用干部,选拔任用什么人来当领导干部,这是关系党的干部队伍建设和国家兴衰成败的大事。渭南市近年来在积极推行差额选拔干部制度,提高干部选任质量;扎实推行"三推两考两票决"制度,规范干部选任程序;不断创新方式方法,完善竞争性选拔干部的制度机制;扎实推进干部交流,激发干部队伍活力等方面取得了显著成绩,但也存在诸多问题。为此应加强创新初始提名制度,完善干部考察评价制度,落实干部监督管理制度,细化竞争性选拔干部制度,坚持干部培养锻炼制度,深化干部交流轮岗制度,有效改进干部"下"的方法。     

A Quarter Century of News Coverage of Candidates in Presidential Nomination Campaigns

Abstract

This paper analyzes network news coverage of presidential nomination candidates during the pre-primary and primaries seasons from 1975 to 2000. Using data from the Vanderbilt Television Archives, we find that the network news programs are giving less coverage to the candidates. The decline corresponds to the front-loaded primary schedule, which produces a presumptive nominee sooner and effectively ends coverage of the nomination campaign. We also analyze news coverage of US senators and representatives campaigning for the presidency. Legislators' news coverage varies with their position in Congress and their position in or at the polls.     

我国城市社区直接选举探究

社区居委会直接选举作为扩大基层民主的有效形式,已经成为全面推进城市基层民主的突破口,受到社会各界越来越多的关注。本文选取社区居委会直接选举中的两个环节进行分析,梳理了社区选举过程中的程序规范及存在问题,以期进一步推进城市社区居委会直接选举的程序化、公平化。     

股份公司独立董事任免制度研究

独立董事任免制度主要包括独立董事的提名、选举、解任程序的启动及解任议案的表决等内容。独立董事可以由董事会或者单独或合并持股达到一定比例以上的股东提名,董事会应下设主要由独立董事组成的提名委员会,专门负责独立董事候选人的提名工作;独立董事的选举应适用累积投票制,并且应与一般董事合并选举;独立董事解任议案得由董事会提出,但不宜采用临时动议的方式;股东(大)会对独立董事解任议案的表决应该适用特别决议程序。     

Women candidates and party nomination trends in India – evidence from the 2009 general election

More women MPs than ever before were elected to the lower house of the national parliament of India in the 2009 general election. Yet, the increase in women's presence in the Lok Sabha cannot necessarily be attributed to the increased willingness of political parties to field more women candidates, despite rhetorical party political support for increasing women's participation in political institutions. This article analyses party political nomination of women as candidates in the 2009 election, and finds significant variations in levels of nomination across parties and across India's states. The article also examines in detail the nomination of female candidates by the two largest political parties, the Indian National Congress party and the Bharatiya Janata Party, both of which support proposals for introducing reserved seats for women in national and state legislatures. The findings reject the proposition that parties only nominate women in unwinnable seats, but finds support for the proposition that parties are risk averse when it comes to nominating women, and that this can restrict the number of women nominated for election. The article concludes with some further questions for future research on gender and political recruitment in India.     

我国人大代表提名制度缺陷分析

人民代表大会的国家机关属性,决定了人大代表行为具有公务性;原则上按地域或社会阶层划分选区及代表名额的规定,决定了人大代表的地域或群体公民利益的代表性。以此为基点审视我国人大代表提名制度,可以发现存在着候选人资格过宽、事先确定代表阶层构成比例限制选民自由提名、执政党提名过多、确定正式候选人过程缺乏操作性及对选民自荐缺乏规定等问题。在未来的制度设计上,应当合理限制候选人资格,逐步取消阶层代表比例限制,妥当发挥执政党在提名中的作用,并对选民自荐加以法律定位。     

略陈规范干部选拔任用初始提名工作之管见

规范干部选拔任用初始提名工作,是提高选人用人公信度的源头和防止及纠正吏治腐败的＂第一关口＂。必须正视和解决在提名权力、提名程序和提名主体上存在的突出问题,处理好党管干部原则与群众路线、领导干部提名与群众提名、提名权力与提名责任三个方面的重要关系,从规范领导干部个人提名、规范提名主体和规范提名运作程序三个主要环节入手,建立健全配套制度措施,保证干部选拔任用初始提名工作有序进行。     

论降低中小股东累积投票的门槛

累积投票制的宗旨是保护中小股东选出代言人，但我国公司运行实践中从该制度获益的不是中小股东而是二、三股东们。更具讽刺意味的是获益的二三股东们却不领情，领情的广大中小股东又难获益。原因是中小股东想要通过累积投票权选出代言人的门槛太高，以致承载中小股东希望的累积投票制变成了大股东迎合监管层的一种故作姿态。本文站在中小股东的视角，秉承累积投票制创立之精神，尊重我国《公司法》立法原意，深入分析中小股东累积投票将遇到的一个个门槛，针对不同的门槛分别给出了降低门槛的建议。     

From the Wembley Conference to the ‘McDonnell Amendment’: Labour's Leadership Nomination Rules

A recent change to the Labour party's nomination rules for leadership elections was the eighth such major modification of this brief clause in the party's rule book since 1981. These changes have provided a barometer of factional conflict over this period and indicate the importance of gate‐keeping powers in leadership selection. This article recounts the history of these eight rule changes. It shows how the proportion of Labour MPs (and later MEPs) required to nominate candidates in leadership elections has oscillated markedly, as the left has tried to reduce it while centrists have sought to increase it. The most recent change in 2017, when the threshold was decreased to 10 per cent of Labour MPs and MEPs, was a victory for the left. The article argues that the changes to Labour's nomination rules, while lower‐key than the extension of voting rights from MPs to ordinary members, have been just as significant.