专利联盟的垄断性研究

专利联盟是区别于传统的专利单独许可的一种联合许可形式,它已成为许多发达国家企业知识产权战略的一种重要方式,但它极有可能进入反垄断法的调整范围.文章在对专利联盟相关概念进行介绍的基础上,全面分析了专利联盟对竞争可能造成的影响和美日两国反垄断法对其采取的态度,并最终对我国专利联盟垄断性问题的研究和立法提出了一些意见.     

Saving Strong Neighborhoods From the Destruction of Mortgage Foreclosures: The Impact of Community-Based Efforts in Detroit,Michigan

Mortgage foreclosures hit Detroit, Michigan hard between 2005 and 2014, especially in what we define as strong neighborhoods; there, more than one third of homes experienced foreclosure. Before the crisis hit, these selected tracts had largely intact physical environments and higher owner occupancy, household income and property value than the citywide median. In some of them residents worked intensely to abate the neighborhood effects of mortgage foreclosures. This study examines those efforts’ effectiveness. We selected neighborhoods with the most extensive efforts, as measured, for instance, by creation of community-based plans and applications for grants, and we conducted interviews and field observations to examine those efforts. To assess strengthening of neighborhood housing markets, we applied a modified adjusted interrupted time-series approach to evaluate changes in prices as one measure of neighborhood change. We found that strong resident initiative supported by community development organizations and external assistance led to increased neighborhood housing prices, compared with comparable neighborhoods. However, when initiative, context, and support were weaker, community-based efforts could not prevent considerable decline.     

Tradable Permits for Common‐Pool Resources: An Assessment

Scholars often attribute deterioration in common‐pool resources (CPRs) to ill‐defined property rights and suggest privatization and tradable permit markets as a solution to the commons problem. CPRs are heterogeneous, differing in physical characteristics and use patterns. Regulating their use requires tailored policy solutions that cohere with these characteristics. This paper examines factors that contribute to a well‐performing tradable permit market. While the literature offers rich empirical analyses of individual tradable permit markets, it has not provided an analytical framework enabling comparative analysis of these markets. This paper develops and employs an analytical framework for comparing across markets. The comparative analysis of market performance suggests that markets are not successful in all environmental problems and all demand situations. Further, it shows that even some markets frequently cited as exemplary successes have been that for nonmarket‐related reasons. On the other hand, this comparative analysis identifies sources of success for markets that partial analytical frameworks would have predicted to fail.     

女性犯罪初探

柔美、温婉是我们对女性形象的第一定位，但在当前复杂的社会环境影响下，因各种原因而诱发的女性犯罪呈明显上升态势，女性作为家庭和社会的纽带，女性犯罪率的不断提高不仅不利于家庭的稳定，更有悖于和谐社会的理念。分析现状、找出原因，进而对症下药的提出对策对于抑制甚至降低女性犯罪率具有实际意义。     

推进以职代会为基本形式的民主管理工作

随着改革的不断深入和现代企业制度的逐步建立 ,以职代会为基本形式的企业民主管理工作对于克服官僚主义 ,实现科学决策 ,推进企业发展具有重要的现实意义。应当从完善机制 ,充分依靠和尊重职工群众 ,争取有关部门全力支持等方面进一步加强这一重要工作     

对公安110承诺制度的探讨

在目前我国软硬件设施并未达到充分饱和的情况下 ,现有的 1 1 0承诺制度未能解决资源使用的效率问题 ,公民对政府 (公安机关 )提供的安全服务随意滥用 ,致使公安机关提供的 1 1 0报警服务不能高效率运转。利用公益物品理论、私益物品理论分析不难发现 ,公安机关原来提出的“有警必接、有难必帮、有险必救、有求必应”的承诺未能从制度上保证公众不滥用 1 1 0报警服务。而设计合理的 1 1 0承诺制度 ,要考虑制度的供给、集体行动中个人的可信承诺和使用该服务的相互监督等问题。     

法的渊源意识的觉醒

迄今为止的法律学说在很大程度上是环绕着法的渊源展开的,法的形成和法的应用甚至以法的渊源为立命的前提性基础;然而法的渊源意识的基础和依托至今仍然殊为薄弱。奥斯汀固然奋力呼吁人们革除法和法的渊源研究方面的弊病,把法和法的渊源从散漫、驳杂和喧闹不已的“超市”中引领出来,却又失之于将其禁锢在一个狭隘的天地。奥斯汀身后的法律学人在探讨法的渊源方面亦有努力,但这种努力并未达致较为成熟的程度。实际的情形表明,如欲转变长期以来未能深究法的渊源因而总是被动地同法的渊源发生关联的情境,俾使法的渊源、法律学说和法律实践三者的融合处于和谐状况,促动法的渊源这种宝贵的资源、进路和动因在良法美制的形成方面展现上佳作用,很显然需要法律人形成自觉且科学的法的渊源意识,需要有普遍的法的渊源意识的觉醒。     

Reversing the ‘Tragedy’ of the Commons? Sustainable Management and the Commons Act 2006

The Commons Act 2006 is the first statute since the Commons Registration Act 1965 to address the problems associated with the management of common land in England and Wales. A key focus for the 2006 Act is the introduction of mechanisms for the sustainable management of common land, including self‐regulatory commons councils. This article examines the ‘sustainable’ management of common land in historical and contemporary perspective. It sets the 2006 Act, and the sustainable management of common land, in the wider context of the ongoing debate triggered by Hardin's ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ and subsequent institutional and post‐institutional scholarship on common pool resource management. It uses historical and qualitative research data drawn from three case studies to demonstrate the irrelevance of Hardin's thesis in an English context, and identifies the Commons Registration Act of 1965 as the true ‘tragedy’ of the English and Welsh commons. The case studies also illustrate the challenges posed by the introduction of legal mechanisms to promote the ecologically sustainable management of the modern commons, and inform the critique of the Commons Act 2006 developed in the article.     

Failed agreements and their impact on subsequent mediation onset and success in intrastate conflicts

ABSTRACT

What impact do failed mediated agreements have on subsequent mediation onset and success? The question of mediation onset and success is undoubtedly important, given that mediation is one of the international community’s preferred conflict management tools, but its voluntary nature leaves room for the conflict parties to (dis)agree to talks and possible settlements. Existing research suggests that previous mediation outcomes can affect subsequent mediation efforts positively or negatively – depending on the outcome in focus. This article argues that failed agreements – an outcome of mediation that has not been accounted for in existing literature – underscore the persistence of the commitment problem, and therefore the hazards of sharing private information. Consequently, the conflict parties question the utility of mediation, and the likelihood of subsequent mediation onset decreases. If subsequent talks take place despite the failed agreement, the conflict parties refrain from sharing private information, and reaching an agreement becomes thus less likely. Drawing on the Uppsala Conflict Data Program’s (UCDP) Managing Intrastate Conflict in Africa data set and the UCDP Peace Agreement data set, the results strongly underline the negative impact failed agreements have on subsequent mediation onset, and thereby show that agreement longevity is crucial not only for peace duration but also for leaving the door open to subsequent talks.     

基于我国石油安全问题的战略对策

石油资源是不可再生的耗竭性资源,对经济社会的发展具有重要的战略意义。由于我国对石油资源的依赖程度不断加大,因而如何使石油资源得到"可持续"利用就成了迫在眉睫的问题。我国经济的持续快速增长增加了石油供需的矛盾,石油安全问题日益凸显。因此,我国要及时采取措施,积极面对石油安全问题,并且把石油安全提高到一定的战略高度。