代表性建设是参政党建设的重要内容

代表性建设是参政党建设的重要内容.加强民主党派的代表性建设,要正确认识民主党派的代表性问题,正确处理民主党派的代表性与代表件人士的关系,正确处理政治思想的进步性与成员思想观念的广泛性、根本利益的一致性与成员具体利益的多样性、一般成员与代表性人士、中共党委的肯定与民主党派成员的认同、领导班子中整体的代表性与成员个体的代表性之间的关系,正确把握理论建设、人才培养和机制建设三个主要环节.     

论法治政府建设公众认同视野下公众参加人的代表性——以公共行政决策听证为例

法治政府建设意义下的公众认同就是指公众对法治政府建设和自身利益、需求的一致性作出肯定性评价。而公众参与法治政府建设是形成公众认同的重要路径。在公共行政决策听证中,由于公众参加人代表性的缺失,严重影响了法治政府建设的公众认同。因此,应当明确公众参加人代表性的判断标准不仅有职业、社会角色等形式标准,更应当有诉求利益代表特定群体利益的价值标准、本质标准。并应当建立严格的程序,公开公众参加人的信息及陈述的观点,以利于社会监督,从而体现其代表性,确保实现法治政府建设中的公众认同。     

The Impact of Assembly Size on Representativeness

Choosing the number of seats in a legislature is a balancing act between efficiency and representativeness. This article focuses on representativeness and hypothesises that the larger the assembly, the higher the vote–seat proportionality, the higher the number of parties represented, and the higher the representation of otherwise under-represented groups. An approach using simulations of elections is introduced and applied in testing the hypotheses in the case of Danish local elections. Two thousand six hundred and forty-six elections are simulated, and a positive, but non-linear, relationship is demonstrated between number of seats and proportionality, number of parties, and percentage of women councillors.     

Juries and Viewpoint Representation

To generate high-quality deliberations, juries should be diverse in terms of not only demographics but also viewpoints. Using data from the Survey of Texas Adults (n = 1380), we examine whether existing processes select for individuals who represent the population on a variety of viewpoint characteristics, particularly whether the process of forming juries selects for people who are more independent-minded versus authority-minded. We find, on average, that those who believe in the importance of speaking English, are less compassionate, support Biblical literalism, and express more concern about the community effects of wrongdoing are more likely to have been former jurors than to not have served. Death penalty support is also modestly predictive of jury membership. Non-jurors rate their neighborhoods as cleaner than do former jurors. Results point to composition effects in the summonsing process and to the possibility that some types of people exempt themselves from this civic obligation.     

政党代表性危机与西方国家民粹主义的兴起

西方国家民粹主义的兴起,是代表性危机的结果。从政党政治的角度,主流政党疏离社会、融入国家,由代表组织转变为统治机构,导致政治回应性的弱化。主流政党代表功能的萎缩,促使社会成员转向民粹主义的替代模式。为了控制政策议程,民粹主义政党仍然需要遵循选举政治的逻辑。民粹主义固然挑战了主流的民主模式,但它同样可以在调整国家与社会关系的基础上重构政党体制,扩展政治代表的渠道。只有客观地分析国家、社会与政党在代表性建构中的互动机制,才能准确地认识民粹主义的社会基础及其发展趋势。     

Stereotyping,congruence and presentation order: Interpretative biases in utilizing offender profiles

Abstract

This paper explores how offender profiles might influence the way in which individuals interpret investigative information dependent on its congruence with the investigators’ own beliefs. Participants, comprising 222 lay people, completed an online questionnaire where a profile was either congruent or incongruent with a stereotypical or an atypical suspect who was presented before or after the introduction of the profile (resulting in eight conditions). Several cognitive strategies appeared to be used in interpreting the information. Contrary to expectations, individuals relying on representativeness heuristics were more influenced by a profile challenging their views than by one supporting them, whilst individuals who invested greater cognitive effort (termed hereafter “cognitive elaboration”) were more resistant to changing their views in light of disconfirming profiling advice. There was tentative evidence to suggest that a confirmation bias might occur when individuals engage in cognitive elaboration, such that individuals appeared to be more influenced by a confirming profile than by a disconfirming one. Finally, it was found that the profile was perceived to be more influential when presented before the introduction of a suspect than after. Implications for advising on the interpretation of such advice, as well as preparing such reports, are discussed.     

关于党外代表人士的代表性问题

代表性是党外代表人士的根本属性,党外代表人士的代表性是社会关系和个人特性的统一,其基本特征是政治上坚定、专业上突出、群众中认同.把握党外代表人士的代表性要注重政治性、专业性、群众性的有机统一;注重共性与个性的结合;坚持以辩证发展的视角看待问题.     

论工会在劳动关系中的独立性与代表性——基于企业工会干部职业化的若干思考

企业工会在劳动关系中存在着对企业的依附性,难以实现劳资关系的博弈制衡,有其多方面的社会历史原因.为使企业工会更好地维护劳动者合法权益,构建和谐稳定的劳动关系,以上级工会从社会上招聘、派遣为特征的企业工会干部职业化,是目前探索企业工会成为劳资关系中平等主体的基本思路和主要模式.然而,这种"嵌入式"的企业工会干部职业化模式,虽然强调了企业劳动关系中工会的独立性和专业化,但可能会出现工会代表性的先天不足.符合中国工会性质和职能要求的企业工会干部职业化,应以"内生"于企业的工会代表性为基础,以工会在劳动关系中的独立性为表现形式.     

从平等走向自由——关于城乡人大代表差别选举的理论思考

选举法修正案草案取消了城乡代表权差异化配置的条款,这一显著变化表明我国选举制度向实现公民的完全平等迈出了一大步。但它具有的意义不只如此,它还为进一步实现公民选举权的自由维度提供了基础。从平等方面看,选举法的修改在公民投票权平等的基础上,实现了公民代表权的平等,也就是在＂同票＂的基础上实现了＂同权＂。按照城乡同比例选举,人民代表大会中城乡代表的比例会和社会构成中城乡比例一致起来,从而提高了人大对社会的代表性。当然,按照独立论的解释,过高的官员比例也同样是可能具有高代表性的。但这种争论只涉及到了问题的表层,最重要的问题应该是代表是如何产生的,这是与选举权中的自由向度紧密相连的问题。如果不能实现公民在选举中充分的自由权利,保证代表能够合理、公正地产生,那么平等也只能成为摆设。选举制度的进一步发展应该是在平等的基础上实现公民的自由选举权。这是选举法修改实现选举平等之后带给我们的进一步的理论思考。     

王夫之美学思想探微

王夫之对艺术的本质属性提出了较为全面和系统的看法 ,对艺术典型化和艺术作品的社会功用问题提出了独特的阐释