Head injuries of Roman gladiators

Gladiator remains from a recently unearthed cemetery in ancient Ephesus (Turkey) offer a unique opportunity for proving common theories involving the weaponry and techniques of gladiator fighting based on the evidence supplied by cranial bones. This mass grave is the first of its kind to undergo a thorough osteological and forensic examination.A minimum number of individuals (MNI) analyses revealed that at least 68 individuals. All individuals found turned out to have been males aged between 20 and 30 years, except for one female associated with a female slave gravestone, and one male aged 45–55 years, had been buried in this area of the cemetery. The male mean body height was 168 cm (S.D. = 5 cm), which lies inside the normal range of height for Roman populations at those times.Eleven (16% of MNI) individuals exhibit a total of 16 well-healed antemortal cranial traumata. Five of the 11 individuals showed multiple trauma. Ten (15% of MNI) individuals exhibited a total of 10 perimortal cranial traumata. This is a surprisingly high frequency of deadly head injuries, taking into account that most of the gladiator types wore helmets. A possible explanation could be the frequently reported deathblow technique used by the hammer-carrying death god “Dis Pater”.The gladiator weaponry is well known through historical sources. At least one injury per known type of offensive weapon could be identified, as well as evidence for the most popular, the gladiator trident, which was found to be represented by one perimortem and two antemortem injuries. Overall the reportedly very strict nature of combat rules for gladiator fights could be confirmed by the absence of multiple perimortal traumatized individuals, showing a lack of the excessive violence commonly observed on medieval battle ground victims.This graveyard gives the opportunity to confirm historical aspects and to check the reliability of forensic methods for identification of antemortem, perimortem, or postmortem bone lesions. Typical examples for these kinds of lesions and injuries are presented. The colour of the margins of the traumata proved to be the most distinguishing feature for postmortal lesions.     

大学英语口语教学策略新视角

在大学英语口语教学中,教师帮助学生了解汉英语言和文化差异,培养其用英语思维习惯,提高理解能力;创造和谐的课堂气氛,搞好教学过程中的师生关系,鼓励学生积极开口说英语,将会极大地提高学生的口语能力。     

The Imprint of Childhood Physical and Emotional Abuse: A Case Study on the Use of EMDR to Address Anxiety and a Lack of Self-Esteem

This article examines the use of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in helping a client address problems with persistent anxiety and a lack of self-esteem. During EMDR treatment, the client explored the dichotomous thinking that had plagued her since childhood, and correspondingly, the role of childhood physical and emotional abuse in her chronic feelings of inadequacy and anxiety. The client experienced significant improvement in her levels of anxiety and problems with self-esteem, both at the end of treatment and at 1-year follow up. Qualitative and quantitative data are utilized in this case study outlining the use of EMDR with a client diagnosed with dysthymic disorder.     

价值哲学视野中的现代犯罪问题

现代性和全球化的发展使文化差异日益显耀,并导致了范围扩大和意蕴深刻的文化冲突,以至于进一步恶化了价值迷乱,一系列观念性的因素渗透到了个体和群体行为的背景中,构成犯罪的隐含动因。这种随着现代性和全球化而发展的现代犯罪及其文化因素,对传统的犯罪学构成了新的挑战,从而提出在文化冲突境域中,重构价值哲学的必要性。     

宗教民族主义与文化解殖——近代菲律宾反教会运动浅析

反教会运动是近代菲律宾民族主义运动的重要组成部分.近代菲律宾宗教民族主义诉求的目标是推翻西班牙教会的专制统治,争取菲律宾民族的宗教自由与平等权力.菲律宾反教会运动不仅推翻了西班牙天主教会,而且确立了"政教分离"的原则,并建立了具有民族特色的菲律宾独立教会,对推动天主教在菲律宾的本土化、多元化以及文化解殖具有重要意义.     

试析少数民族影视剧创作中的文化瓶颈--从湘西匪患题材影视剧说起

我国的少数民族影视剧创作在充分认识到制度瓶颈、市场瓶颈的同时,更有必要看到突破文化瓶颈的重要性。本文以湘西匪患题材影视剧为个案,探讨文化瓶颈在少数民族影视剧中的具体表现,并分析其形成原因,以期进一步明确少数民族题材影视剧在我国建立和谐社会的文化事业中所承担的重要作用。     

应激相关障碍的损伤程度评定标准之比较与探讨

应激相关障碍的损伤程度评定,因无统一的评定标准,成为司法鉴定中的一个难点和热点。不同专家提出的评定标准中对该类伤害评定为轻微伤、轻伤、或重伤的意见不一,甚至还有对轻伤再分级的,且各家对应激相关障碍的定义亦有差别。本文对有代表性的观点进行比较、分析后,进一步进行探讨并提出见解,认为该类伤害应该属于损伤并应该评定损伤程度。评定必须严格按照《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准(第三版)》(CCMD-3)进行诊断,按照已有的损伤鉴定标准的原则,根据具体的临床种类、病情程度、病程及预后等综合考量,酌情作出不评定伤情程度,或评定为轻微伤、轻伤或重伤的结论,意在对此问题的解决有所帮助。     

论价值冲突与犯罪

美国犯罪学家柯布林和米勒提出的价值冲突论,为我们深入研究犯罪问题提供了新的视角。价值冲突是导致行为失范进而引发犯罪的直接原因。我国转型时期的价值冲突主要表现为传统与现代的价值冲突、经济与道德的价值冲突、公平与效率的价值冲突、个体与整体的价值冲突等。面对激烈的价值冲突,只有从各方面大力提高文化融合能力,才能有效地控制犯罪的发生。     

天津城市可持续发展：市民文化素质评价及塑造现代市民精神

塑造现代市民文化精神是实现天津城市可持续发展的战略需要。通过评价可知,天津近代以来由于经济的发展和京畿地位的确定,基本形成了重义轻利、勤劳敏思、乐于助人、安于现状的市民精神,但缺乏竞争意识:天津市民的文化素质在世界上仅处于下中等发展水平,这与天津未来国际大都市的地位不相称。因此,天津要从发展经济入手,提高教育水平,加快城市文化建设,建立高品位的城市生态文化体系,利用现代化高科技手段,加速推广文化、科技知识,使天津市民的文化素质尽快达到上中等发达国家水平。     

War,Trauma and Salvation――A Review on Shun Medoruma’s Okinawan Novels

Okinawais, Japan’s Hawaii, is known for the blue sea and clear sky, but at the same time it permeates with the pain from the war. As the representative of the new generation of Okinawan writers, Shun Medoruma reconstructs the traumatic memory objectively in his literary writing from an unique perspective, though he had no experiences of the war. He attempts to comprehend the survival and meditate on the pain from fear, and inanity which were generated in the war, and finally to fulfill the salvation of the soul. What Shun Medoruma focuses on is not the war, but the shock to Okinawan people. He shows his ethical concern for the fate of Okinawa, and thinks about the future of Okinawa deeply by understanding the war, trauma and salvation in his novels.