领导激励原理和方法

激励是指通过了解人的需要，激发人的内在动机，使其朝向所期望的目标前进的　心理活动过程，亦即激发、调动人的积极性的过程。人是领导活动中最重要的资源。人的积　极性是以合理的需要得到满足为基础的，是由受需要所制约的动机所推动的，是受一定形式　的激励所激发的。激励是领导工作的一个极为重要的部分，创设与人的需求相适应的外在诱　因，是激励工作的切入点。因此，领导者要做好激励工作，必须遵循　“各尽所能、按劳分　配”、满足需要与承担义务相结合、满足需要与生产力水平相适应和正确处理国家、集体、　个人三者利益关系等领导激励的基本原则以及掌握好需要激励、工作激励、目标激励、榜样　激励等领导激励的基本方法，注重各种激励方式有机结合，并贯穿于整个管理过程之中，这　是有效激励的主要途径。     

Motives Driving the Creation of Professional and Business Associations: Evidence from Russia

ABSTRACT

Our knowledge of associations is scarce, requiring a multidisciplinary approach that has been rarely used to investigate this multifaceted phenomenon that cuts across the confines of a single discipline. This study investigates the motives that drive the founding of associations in the Russian context, analyzing original data and applying a mixed-methods research design. An empirical typology of motives is developed to obtain a more accurate range of time- and value-driven motives beyond what is currently understood. The findings shed light on the complexity and multidimensionality of the motivational factors driving the establishment of associations in a transitional context.     

邪教犯罪的心理学分析

邪教犯罪是当前较为突出的犯罪现象之一。作为一种宗教信仰型犯罪,其反科学、反人类、反社会的罪恶本质与有组织犯罪形态相结合,因而社会危害性极大。邪教犯罪的主体是邪教主和邪教徒,他们有不同的人格特点和犯罪动机。     

‘Were women present at the demographic transition?’ A question revisited

In this contribution I argue that the future of historical demography has much to gain from the incorporation of women and gender into research on the (first) fertility decline in the Western world. Gender, as an explanatory concept, can help construct more complex models for fertility decline in which economic, social and cultural explanations can be connected and which are more sensitive to diversity, to historical context, and to contingency. By perceiving men and women as gendered identities who may have different interests in reproductive outcomes, we will not only restore the necessary agency to historical actors, but we will also see more clearly how many important questions on the fertility decline still remain unanswered.