THE CAUSES OF GIRLS’ DELINQUENCY AND THEIR PROGRAM IMPLICATIONS

This article summarizes some of the literature reviewed by the Girls Study Group, which is a federally funded project aimed at assessing the causes of girls’ delinquency as well as evaluating programs to address it. The literature reveals that a number of factors such as family dysfunction, involvement with antisocial peers, and living in disadvantaged neighborhoods are correlated with delinquency for both boys and girls. Some factors, however, are gender sensitive, meaning that either girls are more exposed to a given risk factor than boys or react somewhat differently to a given risk factor. Girls have higher rates of exposure to sexual assault, which is associated with delinquency and, although more research is needed, they are more affected by the impacts of early puberty, when it is coupled with harsh parenting and disadvantaged neighborhoods. This article discusses some implications of the research on correlates of delinquency for programming for girls and makes recommendations for program selection.     

中国在消除对妇女的暴力方面所面临的新挑战--对女童和青年妇女以劳动剥削为目的的拐卖

人口拐卖是1995年第四次世界妇女大会以来国际社会所关注的重要的性别平等问题,是消除对妇女的暴力方面所面临的新挑战。人口盲目流动造成被拐卖的风险,以各种形式的劳动剥削(包括性剥削)为目的拐卖问题正在中国逐渐增多,女童和青年妇女的多重脆弱性,使她们成为以劳动剥削(包括性剥削)为目的的拐卖的最大的受害者。本文针对既往在人口拐卖问题上的政策空白和认识盲区,结合对女童和女青年的多重脆弱性的分析,提出综合性的防止以劳动剥削(包括性剥削)为目的的拐卖的政策建议。     

Eating Problems and the Self-Concept: Results Based on a Representative Sample of Norwegian Adolescent Girls

The joint role of self-esteem and unstable self-perceptions for eating problems was investigated in a representative Norwegian population sample of girls in 3 age groups (N = 5287; aged 12–19 years). Three scales from the 12-item Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-12) measured eating problems: Restriction, Bulimia-food preoccupation, and Diet. Girls low on all EAT scales were most often characterized by high self-esteem combined with stable self-perceptions, whereas girls high on all EAT-scales were characterized by having low self-esteem and unstable self-perceptions. Bulimic tendencies and dieting were more common in older groups, whereas high scores on all EAT-scales simultaneously were equally common in all ages. The findings gave initial support to the continuity hypothesis in indicating that the age trends for eating problems, except for restrictive tendencies, followed those of eating disorders and in that the risk factors found for eating problems parallel those reported for eating disorders.     

Boko Haram: understanding the context

Boko Haram insurgency has caused the death and displacement of thousands of Nigerians. Its means of terror has evolved from the use of crude weapons to bombs, kidnappings and the use of children as suicide bombers. Its reach has expanded beyond Nigeria into neighbouring West African countries and it has pledged allegiance to Al-Qaida and Islamic State. To address this security concern, its cause should first be ascertained. This paper argues that to do this, Boko Haram should be located in northern Nigerian historical context/environment. This paper reviews economic greed and grievance, extreme religious ideology and political opportunity in historic insurgencies in northern Nigeria. It finds that while the interplay of different factors shaped these insurgencies; it was political opportunity that ignited their onsets. Finally, the article submits that as long as these factors remain the same, military quelling of Boko Haram will not prevent a re-emergence of its likes.     

Escalon:

No abstract available for this article.     

The Peer Appearance Culture During Adolescence: Gender and Body Mass Variations

The purpose of this research was to examine gender and body mass, as factors linked to perceived experiences within the peer appearance culture. The sample included 215 girls and 200 boys who were either in 7th grade or 10th grade. Students provided self-reports on experiences in three domains: appearance culture among friends (appearance conversations and diet/muscle talk), peer evaluations (peer appearance pressure, appearance teasing, and vicarious peer teasing), and peer acceptance concerns (appearance-based acceptance, peer appearance comparison). The results indicated that although girls reported more appearance conversations, boys perceived more appearance pressure and teasing. Boys also admitted that they talked with friends about muscle building at a rate greater than girls talked about dieting. BMI showed distinct gender patterns. BMI was a key attribute that unified the experiences within the appearance culture for overweight girls. Among the boys, BMI was associated with differentiated experiences for underweight and overweight participants.Associate Professor in Educational Psychology at the University of Washington. She is a developmental psychologist specializing in the contributions of peers to body image and social-emotional well-being during adolescence. Research interests include body image during adolescence and gender differences.Doctoral student at the University of Washington in Human Development and Cognition. Her research focuses on the social-emotional development of adolescents, academic and appearance social comparisons, and issues related to gender and science. Research interests include body image during adolescence, gender differences, social comparison, and academic competence.     

论奸淫幼女犯罪的"明知"--与苏力教授商榷

奸淫幼女犯罪在主观方面必须具备“明知”和“故意”,即行为人主观方面必须明知奸淫的对象是不满14周岁的幼女。我国刑法中没有严格责任犯罪,奸淫幼女犯罪在理论上也不宜实行严格责任。完全不考虑男性行为人主观方面的故意和明知,仅以“幼女自愿的意思表示在法律上无效”为由就认定强奸罪成立,这是典型的客观归罪。     

赋权与互动:一次成功的倡导活动——中英项目云南大龄女童论坛与女孩一起工作的案例研究

文章展示的是云南"中英大龄女童技能培训和能力建设合作伙伴项目"的论坛活动之一.论坛以15-18岁来自农村贫困和民族地区的大龄女童为主体,让她们有机会向高层决策者表达自己及其生存社区女孩的心声和需求,进而推动政府、媒体及全社会对这部分特殊女童的积极关注.文章写实性地描述了论坛的设计与思考,赋权女童的过程以及倡导的过程和结果.     

民初北京婢女救济初探——以1912-1937年官方救济活动为中心

民初北京官方的婢女救济活动主要包括,通过法律、政策给予婢女自由平等的地位和对被虐待婢女实施救济两个方面。虽然这些措施没有从根本上消除蓄婢制度,但却在一定程度上改变了整个社会对婢女问题的认识,使部分婢女的命运发生了根本转变。     

留守女童教育问题研究综述

随着中国城市化进程和农村产业结构调整步伐的不断加快,我国涌现出了大批的农民工,由于受到城乡分割的二元社会结构和自身经济条件的限制,我国农村也相应地出现了大批留守儿童.由于农村重男轻女思想的盛行以及对于女性性别角色的刻板印象,我国留守女童的教育问题更为严重,她们的教育问题也引起了社会各界的关注.