法官职业化的制度障碍及对策

地方党委、人大、政府的权力干预,民主的扩大以及市场经济的发展,构成了法官职业化实现的横向障碍因素,法院内部的行政化设置与法官的非专业化,形成法官职业化的纵向障碍因素。通过积极推进法官身份保障及待遇保障制度,改革法院体制,促进法官精英化和裁判独立,是消除内外制度障碍、实现法官职业化的必由之路。     

美国保安业的职业化途径及对中国保安业发展的启示

美国保安业发展的主要标志之一是基本实现了职业化 ,体现在规范管理、持照经营、教育训练等几个方面。在社会各界的关注下 ,不仅政府有关管理部门认识到职业化的重要性 ,而且保安业内部也认识到了职业化的重要。中国保安业正处在发展壮大的重要阶段 ,职业化的水平还较低 ,了解美国保安业的职业化途径对中国保安业的发展具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

Of change,training and public affairs in Europe

European public affairs practitioners need to be increasingly professional in their reactions to an EU undergoing transformational change. The paper offers a comprehensive summary of the subtleties of institutional change in Commission, Parliament and Council in 2004. In particular, the author argues that expansion from 15 member states to 25 has fundamentally changed the nature of the Union's politics and the skills required to influence it. This new EU requires more of practitioners than experience and amateur instinct: to achieve results and avoid restrictive regulation, the public affairs community must adopt effective training strategies, challenging competence targets and regular self‐assessment of its performance and ethics. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications     

加强公安队伍职业化建设的几点思考

公安队伍职业化建设是公安工作走向现代化、社会化的一个必然变迁过程和形态,具有相对严格的构成要素。推进公安队伍职业化建设,必须大力加强政治建警,理顺组织管理体制,健全教育培训机制,优化监督惩戒机制,推进公共关系建设。     

论西方文官的职业化

西方文官制度是许多西方资本主义国家实行的一种人事管理制度。文官职业化是西方文官制度建立的最显著的特征之一 ,也是这一制度的最核心的内容之一。文官职业化问题 ,对于理解西方文官制度的形成和发展 ,乃至于理解整个西方近现代政治体制的形成和发展 ,都具有十分重要的意义。本文拟全面分析西方文官职业化的特征和形成原因 ,并在此基础上 ,对西方文官职业化的历史作用作一初步探讨。     

Restraining Gulliver: Institutional reform and the strengthening of state capacity and compliance

Governance in the developing world is fraught with problems of corruption, weak institutions, and inadequate expertise among bureaucrats. Failing to enforce laws and regulations is one way in which these problems manifest themselves. In this paper, we evaluate changes across three institutions charged with oversight or administration of labor justice in Mexico. We find that both autonomy from the executive and professionalization are necessary to improve compliance with labor law over time. Our study shows that professionalization can occur in several ways, including through training, merit hiring, and introducing experienced external administrators. The implications of the study are that reforms that increase the independence and legal authority of oversight institutions should be complemented by efforts to strengthen the professionalism of bureaucrats.     

司法改革“上海方案”中法官职业化的探索

本文希望在司法改革的背景下对法官职业化进展进行分析梳理，指出问题，找到对策。文中以司法改革“上海方案”为分析对象，该改革方案中针对法官职业化的问题提出了相关的具体措施。这些措施值得称赞，但也存在一些诸如人员分类管理制度的可行性，审判权力运行机制科学性，职业化制度保障缺失性，“上海方案”的可复制性等问题。通过对上述问题的思考，加上英美等发达国家的经验，希望对存在的问题有一个较为明确的解答。     

法律职业化要求与大学法学教学的应对

法律职业化是实现法治的重要条件,亦是各国法学教育欲实现的重要目标。法律职业化要求对大学法学教学的影响是全面的。大学法学教学应作出应对：在法学教育模式、法学教育培养目标、法学课程设置、法学教学师资水平以及法学教学方法等方面需作出相应调整和改进,才能适应法律职业化要求。     

Dr. Death? Professionalism,Virtue, and U.S. Physician Participation in the Death Penalty

In the United States at present, the death penalty is a possible sentence in 31 out of 50 states, as well as within the military and for federal cases. In the U.S., numbers of executions are declining, in part due to moratoriums in place and challenges to execution by lethal injection. Participation by physicians in lethal injection executions has been steadfastly viewed by professional medical organizations as contrary to their ethical standards. However, physicians have participated in lethal injection executions, and the morality of the death penalty itself is a matter of intense social and political debate. Medical ethics commentators and professional organizations have typically held that the prohibition on physician participation in the death penalty is independent of the ethical status of the death penalty itself. This article argues that this view is untenable, and that it is tied to a view of professional role virtue that is similarly untenable. At the same time, it argues that, given the morally uncertain status of the death penalty, it is plausible that virtuous physicians may either refuse or choose to participate in some aspects of the death penalty.