试论警犬技术在铁路治安保卫中的作用及其应用

警犬具有听觉、嗅觉发达,防御机能强,扑咬凶猛等得天独厚的特点,现广泛地应用于铁路治安保卫工作中,可执行巡逻、警戒、看守、处理突发事件等任务,能够降低发案率、预防和打击犯罪。本文从警犬技术的特点和作用出发,论述了警犬在铁路治安保卫工作中的使用范围、方法和程序。     

人体搜毒犬训练程序和方法研究

缉毒犬作为一种能高度分辨气味的特殊工具，能有效、准确地搜查出隐蔽的毒品。人体搜毒犬的培养一般包括基本能力培养、搜索形式培养、建立毒品气味联系、复杂气味条件下搜索能力培养等四个方面内容，每个方面均有不同的训练内容、要求和方法以及注意事项。     

湖北地区德国牧羊犬10个微卫星DNA基因座遗传多态性研究

目的研究85头德国牧羊犬的10个基因座多态性。方法选用美国应用生物系统公司的10个商用犬微卫星基因座荧光标记复合扩增试剂盒进行PCR、并进行统计学分析。结果对85头德国牧羊犬的10个基因座的多态性研究表明,10个基因座累积DP值在0.9999972,非父排除率在0.9399,微卫星DNA基因座PEZ6、PEZ8、FHC2054的等位基因数均在8个以上,DP值接近或超过0.9,杂合度接近或超过0.7,能有效地应用犬的个体识别和亲权关系鉴定,其它7个基因座均未达到理想的个体识别和亲权鉴定使用条件。结论联合使用多个犬微卫星基因座,可以用于犬的个体识别和亲权鉴定。     

警犬场犬冠状病毒病的调查

1989年,华东两警犬场爆发冠状病毒病,共发病158条,死亡85条,发病率为27％(158/589)。其中1～5月龄幼犬的发病率高达88.5％(130/152),致死率为65.4％(85/130),发病与年龄有关,以断奶幼犬的发病率和致死率最高;而与性别、品种、季节的关系不明显。长途运输、饲养管理不良、气候突变及体质差可成为本病的诱因。     

Fatal dog maulings associated with infant swings

We present three cases of fatal dog maulings of infants placed in mobile infant swings, a phenomenon not previously described in the literature. In each case, the victim was left in a mobile swing, unsupervised by an adult, and the attacking dog was a family pet. Case 1 involved an 18-day-old male infant attacked by a pit bull; Case 2 involved a 3-month-old male infant attacked by a Chow Chow and/or a Dachshund, and Case 3 involved an 18-day-old female infant attacked by a Labrador-pit bull mix. These cases not only underscore the importance of not leaving young children unattended in the presence of pet dogs, but also raise the possibility that mobile swings may trigger a predatory response in dogs and thus may represent an additional risk factor for dog attack.     

Perceived infallibility of detection dog evidence: implications for juror decision-making

This study focuses on the trust that potential jurors have in unsubstantiated evidence and the implications of such trust for legal decision-making. We examined whether participants’ motivation to think deeply (‘need for cognition,’ NC) and belief in science moderated their trust in potentially fallible detection dog evidence when selecting a verdict in a trial scenario. A detection dog twice indicated the presence of drugs in the scenario, yet no drugs were actually found. Those who chose a guilty verdict without drugs present featured stronger beliefs in detection dog evidence. They were also more confident that a dog alert indicated the presence of drugs, even though the scientific literature actually shows that detection dog evidence is subject to biases and other challenges to reliability. Our findings indicate that an unsubstantiated belief and trust in detection dog evidence may negatively influence juror decision-making, which may, in turn, pose consequences for fairness and justice. Participants believed that detection dogs provide powerful and reliable evidence, and these beliefs were clearly associated with stronger beliefs in science. These findings, therefore, raise serious concerns about jurors’ indiscriminate trust in forensic evidence, be it detection dog evidence or other lines of evidence presented in court.     

广东首株犬源贾第虫的基因型鉴定

为了对广东首株犬源贾第虫进行分离鉴定,采用常规方法分离犬粪便中的贾第虫包囊,通过显微镜观察对其进行形态学鉴定,并以小亚基核糖体RNA(16SrRNA)基因和谷氨酸脱氢酶(gdh)基因作为遗传标记,采用PCR方法对其进行了扩增、克隆、序列测定和分析。将扩增序列与GenBank中登录的参考序列进行比对,并用DNAStar软件建立系统进化树,以确定该贾第虫的基因型。结果显示,显微镜观察的结果与所报道的蓝氏贾第虫的形态一致;PCR扩增产物经10g/L琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,出现299和432bp的片段,与预期结果一致;16SrRNA基因的序列分析结果显示该犬源贾第虫的基因型为A型,对gdh基因序列的进一步分析显示该基因型为A1亚型。结果表明本次分离的犬源贾第虫属于蓝氏贾第虫人兽共患的基因型。关键词:犬;蓝氏贾第虫;基因型     

犬17A STR 5色荧光检测试剂盒在警犬DNA鉴定中的应用研究

目的建立犬DNA检测方法。方法采用自主研发的多重PCR扩增体系和五色荧光（FAM、HEX、TAMRA、ROX和SIZ）自动化检测技术调查了犬DAmel和VWFX等16个STR基因座和1个性别决定基因座多态性,并计算该16个STR基因座的等位基因频率（P）、杂合度（H）、多态信息含量（PIC）和非父排除率（PE）。实验犬为11个品种231头犬。结果结果显示该16个STR位点的非父排除率（PE）和个体识别力（DP）分别为0.995026和0.999999992。结论显示研发的犬STR-DNA荧光检测试剂盒可作为犬DNA鉴定常规应用。     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction quantification of canine DNA

The accurate quantification of target DNA is an important step in the short tandem repeat analysis of forensic biological samples. By utilizing quantification data to control the amount of template DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), forensic scientists can optimize testing and minimize the consumption of limited samples. The ability to identify and quantify target DNA in mixed-species samples is crucial when it may be overwhelmed by nontarget DNA, as in cases of dog attack. We evaluated two quantitative real-time PCR assays for dynamic range, species specificity, and inhibition by humic acid. While both assays proved to be highly sensitive and discriminating, the Melanocortin-1 Receptor (MC1R) gene Taqman assay had the advantages of a shorter run time, greater efficiency, and safer reagents. In its application to forensic casework, the MC1R assay has been advantageous for quantifying dog DNA in a variety of mixed-species samples and facilitating the successful profiling of individual dogs.     

Forensic utility of the mitochondrial hypervariable region 1 of domestic dogs, in conjunction with breed and geographic information

The 608-bp hypervariable region 1 (HV1) sequences from 36 local dogs were analyzed to characterize the population genetic structure of canid mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Sixteen haplotypes were identified. A 417-bp segment of this sequence was compared with GenBank sequences from a geographically representative sample of 201 dogs, two coyotes, and two wolves. Sixty-six haplotypes were identified including 62 found only in domestic dogs. Fourteen of these correspond to the 16 local haplotypes and were among the most frequent haplotypes. The local sample was judged to be representative of the much broader geographic sample. No correlation was observed between local haplotypes and the owner's characterization of dog breed. A 60-bp variation "hotspot" within the canid HV1 was identified as a potentially valuable molecular tool, particularly for assaying limited or degraded DNA samples.