Efficacy, Self-Derogation, and Alcohol Use Among Inner-City Adolescents: Gender Matters

Prior studies have found inconsistent relationships between measures of self-concept and adolescent alcohol use. The current study explored whether the link between various measures of self-concept and alcohol use depends on gender. In addition, earlier work suggested a focus on negative self-esteem (i.e., self-derogation) might be more useful in predicting alcohol use. Students (N = 1459) attending 22 middle and junior high schools in New York City completed surveys that included measures of efficacy, self-derogation, and alcohol use. Participants completed surveys at baseline, 1-year follow-up, and 2-year follow-up. Data collectors administered the questionnaire following a standardized protocol during a regular 40-min-class period. On the basis of a longitudinal structural equation model, lower efficacy was related to greater self-derogation a year later across gender. Increased self-derogation predicted higher alcohol use for girls but not boys. These findings are congruent with a literature highlighting the importance of negative thoughts about the self in drinking behavior for women but not men. The results suggest that the alcohol prevention approaches should include material to enhance girls' self-esteem.     

Empowered and enraged: Political efficacy,anger and support for populism in Europe

This article addresses the psychological dynamics between internal political efficacy, emotions and support for populism. Contrary to the extended idea that populism is associated with low levels of political competence, it is argued that individuals’ self-competence beliefs enhance populist attitudes. Individuals who conceive themselves as able to understand and participate effectively in politics are more critical towards politicians and more prone to consider that citizens could do a better job. The article also hypothesises that internal efficacy enhances the likelihood of experiencing anger, which in turn promotes populist attitudes. Experimental and comparative observational evidence shows robust direct effects of internal efficacy over populism, as well as a smaller indirect impact via feelings of anger. These findings raise important questions regarding the nature of populism and how to fight it in our emancipated and information-intensive democratic systems.     

Rejecting representation? Party systems and popular support for referendums in Europe

Under what conditions do citizens favor deciding political issues by popular vote? Models of support for popular vote processes usually consider the influence of individual attitudes such as political trust and interest in politics. But much less is known about the effect of institutional variables on support for popular vote processes. This article builds on research showing that disaffection with elected officials shapes support for referendums by considering the influence of the party system. First, an analysis of multilevel data from twenty-four European democracies indicates that individuals are more supportive of referendums in countries with fewer effective political parties. Second, a mediation analysis provides evidence that the number of parties influences referendum support through individual-level political trust and external efficacy. Where there are fewer viable parties, feelings that elected officials are unresponsive tend to increase popular support for referendums. These findings suggest a trade-off between available representation by political parties and support for direct influence over public policy.     

监狱严管效能渐趋式微及对策——从刑罚宽严相济视角解读

对极少数抗拒改造、行为恶劣的罪犯实施严管是保证监狱改造秩序,促进这部分罪犯改恶从善的必要惩戒措施,就狱内违法违纪的惩戒而言,它的指向并非是绝大多数积极改造的群体,它涉及刑事处罚的再犯罪毕竟少之又少,故严管措施确有其主流手段及相对严厉的惩戒效能。但是我们越来越体会到执法管理者的力不从心,严管罪犯的"不过如此"心态,严管效能渐趋式微。通过数据统计和理性分析,从宽严相济的视角出发,在罪犯心理、监狱相关措施、执法体系及教改手段等层面进行诱因探求,并在对策层面作一些探索,具有现实意义。     

Responsiveness and the rules of the game: How disproportionality structures the effects of winning and losing on external efficacy

This paper investigates how casting a winning or losing vote affects perceptions of external efficacy across varying conditions of electoral disproportionality. I find that as a political system's electoral mechanisms become more disproportional—that is, when institutional rules produce an increasingly unequal ratio of votes cast to the percentage of seats won—individuals who voted for losing parties become significantly less efficacious than their winning counterparts. Under these conditions, electoral winners are more likely to perceive that it matters what party is elected, while losers' attitudes about the meaningfulness of electoral representation sour. However, when disproportionality is minimal, no significant difference between winners' and losers' perceptions of external efficacy is observed, suggesting that the winner-loser framework has context-specific utility. I conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of these findings.     

项目团队效能的系统运行机制及其特征研究

20世纪90年代以来,项目的高失败率现象引发了对项目团队及其成员的特征与行为的研究,本文以项目团队效能为研究问题,分析了项目团队效能的系统运行机制,创新性地识别出项目团队效能的反馈修正过程,指出以项目里程碑为节点的反馈与修正为项目团队效能的提升提供了有效的支撑,这是项目团队的运行机制与其他类型团队相比较所具有的独特特性;并总结了项目团队效能所具有的系统特征,为项目团队效能的系统研究提供了理论框架.     

网络格式合同若干法律问题的探讨

消费者进行网上访问、参与电子商务交易活动大多通过订立网络格式合同进行,而网络格式合同作为人们从事电子商务活动的最主要的手段,在迅速发展起来的同时被赋予了新的内容和形式,不可避免地对传统的合同法律制度提出了挑战。基于此在探析网络格式合同的新内涵并分析和审视网络格式合同法律效力的基础上,提出借鉴外国相关立法和实践经验,针对电子商务交易进行单独立法和课以网络格式合同提供方以合理提示义务,加强行业协会监管作用等措施来规范网络格式合同使用过程中产生的法律关系。     

关于法定优先购买权的几个问题

本文对优先购买权的基本问题进行了分析和论证。首先区分了优先购买权行使的常态和异态,以此对优先购买权的涵义进行了界定;其次将优先购买权定性为形成权,进而指出经过公示的优先购买权具有排斥后来的与该项权利内容相同的权利变动的效力;最后对出卖人与第三人订立的买卖合同的效力进行了评判。     

禽流感H9亚型油乳剂灭活疫苗的改进

用新引进的 6株禽流感病毒 (AIV )H9亚型和现制苗用的AIV H9毒株分别制备AIV H9、AIV H5、NDV二联三价油乳剂灭活疫苗 ,免疫 5日龄和 10日龄雏鸡 ,于免疫当日直至 80日龄鸡出栏期间定期采血 ,用HI法检测相应的AIV H9、AIV H5和NDV抗体。结果表明 ,10日龄免疫鸡的AIV H9抗体效价最高 ,5日龄和 10日龄免疫鸡的AIV H5抗体效价差别不明显 ;用引进的 3号AIV H9毒株制备的联苗对 10日龄雏鸡免疫后 2 0d产生AIV H9保护性抗体 ,一直持续到 80日龄以上 ,期间的抗体平均效价为 6 .72 (lb) ,而现制苗用的AIV H9毒株制备的联苗免疫力较差 ;现制苗用的AIV H5毒株制备的联苗免疫效力仍较好 ;分别接种 0 .2 5、0 .30mL/只联苗的雏鸡AIV H5抗体效价没有明显差别 ,而AIV H9抗体效价以接种 0 .30mL/只剂量的为高 ;不同日龄、不同免疫剂量的试验鸡NDV抗体效价没有明显差异。