气候变化的国际法发展:从温室效应理论到《联合国气候变化框架公约》

本文考察了温室效应理论对缔结《联合国气候变化框架公约》的决定性影响 ,并对《联合国气候变化框架公约》的基本法律原则 (规则 )及其对国际环境立法的贡献进行了述评。     

The implementation of case formulation by probation officers: service user and carer views

Background: The recent UK Government strategy on high-risk offenders with personality disorders (PD) proposes improved identification of this group, assessment of their treatment needs through case formulation (CF) and the subsequent provision of treatment pathways. Little is known about service user and carer views on this strategy. Aims/Hypotheses: This study sought to identify the views of personality-disordered (PD) offenders and carers on the proposed role of Probation staff in CF. Methods: Three focus groups were carried out, two with service users and one with carers, with a total of 10 participants overall. Results: Five themes emerged: ‘power’, ‘conflicting roles’, ‘trust’, ‘building a relationship through consistency of care’ and ‘hope and possibility’. Conclusions/Practical implications: Offenders and carers were sceptical regarding the proposed role of Offender Manager (OMs) in CF and this could pose a potential barrier to the successful implementation of the strategy.     

从纽约州“执法认证项目”看美国的警察机构评估

美国纽约州"执法认证项目"经过多年的发展,已经具备了一整套较为成熟的警察机构评估标准和程序,为美国各州司法行政管理部门所借鉴。对纽约州"执法认证项目"的历史沿革、内容及特点进行分析,能够为我国的警察机构评估体系提供有益借鉴。     

Editor's note

This study applies Elisabeth Noelle‐Neumann's spiral of silence theory to the controversial issue of whether children with AIDS should be allowed to attend public school. The study tests the theory's hypotheses in light of two content analyses of the media's treatment of the issue. The findings offer tentative and qualified support for Noelle‐Neumann's theoretical propositions about the relationship between individuals' perceptions of the issue and the media's tenor of the issue; particularly that of television. The findings suggest the need to address the role of other agents of influence, including reference groups, and to use time‐based data to unravel the causal order of the relationships.     

风险的属性及其对政府重大决策社会风险评估的启示

政府的重大决策事关改革发展大局,事关社会的稳定和谐。因此,政府的重大决策应该进行社会风险评估。风险是一个心理学概念,以感知为基础,而不是以事实为基础,这种感知是以认识到的危险的质性特征而不是量化特征为基础。如果政府的重大决策具有一定的社会性风险,那么在重大决策的风险评估和管理过程中,应该考虑政策信息披露的可信性、特异性和行动信息的具体性。在政府重大决策的社会风险评估过程中,应该注意:(1)风险评估主体除了官员和专家,应该把一般民众纳入进来;(2)政府机构与普通民众之间信任关系的建立是关键;(3)在政府重大决策的社会风险评估中,应该正确使用媒体的力量;(4)树立公共优先的原则,协调重大决策各方之间的利益关系。     

司法文明指数是一种法治评估工具

"司法文明指数"是法治评估的一种创新性量化工具。司法文明指标体系,由4个领域、10个维度(一级指标)、50个命题(二级指标)、97个问卷题目构成,在5套问卷中形成了190个变量。该指数通过对全国各省、自治区、直辖市司法实践的实际测量,可以体现人民群众对司法工作的满意程度,反映各地司法文明建设的全景或全貌、强项和弱项,描述随时间变化的司法文明进步轨迹,为其加强司法文明建设提供一面"镜子"。该指数将对法治中国建设发挥积极促进作用,并为学者、学生和各界人士深入研究全国各地司法文明的状况提供比较全面的基础性数据和资料。     

Mental Disorder, Violence, and Gender

Recent studies have reported comparable rates of violence among men and women with mental disorder, raising important issues for clinical risk assessment. This study examines the relationship between gender and violence using data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study. Patients in acute psychiatric wards were interviewed 5 times over the year following their discharge to the community. Results showed some differences between men and women in the violence committed immediately following discharge, with rates for men being higher. But the prevalence of violence over the 1 year was similar for female and male discharged patients. However, there were substantial gender differences in the situational context of the violence committed. Men were more likely to have been drinking or using street drugs, and less likely to have been adhering to prescribed psychotropic medication, prior to committing violence. The violence committed by men was more likely to result in serious injury than the violence committed by women, and men were more likely than women to be arrested after committing a violent act. Women were more likely to target family members and to be violent in the home.     

基于多媒体网络的大学英语教学评估模式架构

目前在我国强调多媒体网络学习的大学英语教学改革中,实施客观、有效的评估模式至关重要。然而,大学英语教学评估研究现状调查、分析表明以测试为主的评估模式已无法适应新的教学模式,成为新一轮大学英语教学改革的瓶颈。因此,从理论层面上建构一种具有评估内容全面化、评估主体多元化、评估过程动态化和评估方法多样化为基本特征的教学评估模式已成为当务之急。     

我国公务员考核存在的主要问题与对策分析

公务员考核是正确评价公务员德才表现和工作实绩，促进勤政廉洁，提高工作效能，建设高素质公务员队伍的重要环节。经过多年的努力与探索，我国公务员考核工作取得了很大的成绩，特别是2006年《中华人民共和国公务员法》的实施和2007年1月《公务员考核规定（试行）》的颁布，把公务员考核工作推向了一个新的高度。但也应该看到。在公务员考核过程中仍然存在一些亟待解决的问题，制约了公务员考核工作的进一步开展。本文就当前我国公务员考核中存在的主要问题进行了梳理，分析了产生这些问题的原因，提出了解决问题的若干对策性建议。     

情报研究中的五个重要问题

情报研究中有五个重要的理论问题。传统情报观念对国家情报、情报评估、知彼知己、实事求是、情报与决策关系等问题的认识存在误区。厘清这五个问题，对我们认识情报世界、改进我们的情报工作极有帮助。