欧洲人权法院对质询问规则的转变及启示-以“卡瓦贾诉英国案”为主线的考察

由《欧洲人权公约》第6条第3款d项之规定所形成的对质询问规则，在欧洲人权法院审理“卡瓦贾诉英国”一案之后发生了根本性的变化，即从“唯一或决定性规则”转变为了以“三步审查规则”为内容的“卡瓦贾检验标准”。导致这一变化的原因，不仅源于英国法的影响，也有欧洲人权法院对公正标准的调校以及应对案件激增的考虑。而以该案为主线的考察对我国无疑也有着积极的借鉴意义。     

Consolidating ZIP Codes for Small Area Fair Market Rents: A Method for Implementing the New Rule

Fair Market Rents (FMRs), calculated for an entire metropolitan region, are used to establish payment standards for the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program. In response to recent criticism that FMRs do not represent rent disparity and restrict households from moving to high-opportunity areas, a new rule introducing Small Area Fair Market Rents (SAFMRs) has been issued. SAFMRs are based on ZIP codes to reflect local market rents and increase the number of payment standards used to administer the HCV program. The purpose of this research is to determine whether the number of payment standards can be reduced by consolidating ZIP codes, while adhering to the primary objectives of the SAFMR rule. The ZIP code grouping process conducted offers one method for reducing the number of payment standards needed to implement the new rule; however, the rent analysis reveals the over- and underestimation of SAFMRs for some ZIP codes.     

洛川县灯棚会及相关的民间信仰

随着中国改革开放进程的加快,民间传统文化得以复兴且不断发展。洛川县灯棚会与民间信仰的结合是地方乡土民俗的一种特殊形式。灯棚会中相关信仰活动、灯会组织原则及村落互动现象,都是分析民间仪式活动复兴的原因及其产生影响的依据。     

试论我国著作权法中的权利限制制度

我国著作权法中的权利限制制度包括合理使用和法定许可两种制度。本文在概述我国著作权权利限制制度的基础上,分别阐述了合理使用的构成要件及该制度的合理性,法定许可制度的特点、正当性以及我国法定许可使用制度的不足。     

和谐社会中的经济法

本文以社会主义和谐社会构建为背景,阐述了经济法的公平理念是机会公平与结果公平,形式公平与实质公平的统一。在具体制度安排方面,从财政制度、税收制度、社会保障制度、市场竞争制度四个方面进行了论述。     

效率与公平浅议

效率与公平是人类谈论的千年话题。合理的收入分配制度是社会公平的重要体现,初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率和公平的关系,再分配应该更加注重公平。     

试论弱势群体与社会公正

当今社会,弱势群体问题已引起社会各界的广为关注,但人们在对弱势群体的认识上还缺乏一种社会公正的理念,致使在处理和对待有关弱势群体的问题上有失公允。社会公正应首先体现在社会权利的平等上,其次要处理好公平与效率的关系,最后要解决的是起点公平和机会均等。     

论西南民族地区集贸市场的历史形成

本文运用民族学与历史学资料对普遍存在于我国西南民族地区的市场形态———集贸市场的形成与演变做了具体的论述 ,包括自然环境、经济文化类型的影响及其历史概貌。     

著作权转换性使用的本土路径重塑

著作权转换性使用作为判定新型合理使用行为的一个重要因素,有着重要的理论价值和实践意义。然而,在我国转换性使用的司法实践中,却存在着对转换性使用体系认知不足、释法路径不当,以及运作体系不畅的现实困境。从本质上而言,转换性使用蕴含着促进公共利益的直接价值取向,但其并不具有独立判定合理使用成立与否的规则效力。基于此,为了更好地发挥转换性使用的内在价值和功能,一方面需要确立开放式合理使用的一般规则,进一步规范转换性使用的司法判定,以增强合理使用分析的灵活性和可操作性;另一方面,需要明确转换性合理使用的法定情形,以提升合理使用分析的确定性和周延性。     

China's new regulatory regime tailored for the sharing economy: The case of Uber under Chinese local government regulation in comparison to the EU,US, and the UK

Although Uber's arrival in China has resulted in disruptive competition for incumbent taxi companies, it offers an attractive alternative in China's supply-demand-imbalanced urban passenger transport system. China's regulatory regime for Uber has evolved in three stages: from the regulatory vacuum prior to 2015 to its official legalization in 2015–2016, and the enactment of numerous local regulations in 2016, with specific and more demanding requirements for Uber. This policy is a part of the Chinese approach to the gradual liberalization of the urban passenger transport market. Policymakers should consider ‘fair competition’ as the guiding principle to balance the interests of sharing firms and incumbent service providers, as well as between different sharing firms. The core value of this principle lies in the benefits it provides for consumers and the way it engenders a pro-competitive market environment. The labor protection arrangements for sharing firms’ laborers should be more flexible and diversified. In order to recognize whether an Uber-Driver is an employee or independent contractor, a new standard taking into account a range of factors should be established through collective negotiations between the participants of the sharing economy, and dialogues between members of the judiciary, academics, and the policymakers. Further, consumer protection law and personal data protection provisions should apply when sharing firms misuse their distinctive algorithmic management model to compete unfairly to the detriment of consumers and other users. Ex ante regulatory measures designed to protect the personal data of users should be introduced for deployment in the context of the sharing economy. When enforcing these rules, a balance should be struck ensuring free data flow that is essential to sharing firms’ innovation and competition, and the need to ensure the level of data security required to underpin a well-functioning sharing society.