大数据时代日本个人信息保护法探究

个人信息本来是极其隐私的事物,在大数据时代却时刻处于"裸奔"状态,时刻面临被侵犯的风险。特别在新冠肺炎疫情防控中,大数据技术发挥了重要作用,个人信息保护再次引起关注。整体而言,日本个人信息保护法以"个人优先"与"公共优先"的宗旨博弈为出发点,以"个人信息"的概念界定为基础,以个人信息权的保护为核心,以个人信息保护机构的独立设置为落脚点,为个人信息的保护奠定了基础。我国应当积极行动起来,尽快颁布《个人信息保护法》,助力大数据时代个人信息保护和数字经济的发展。     

行动者“漏斗效应”:党内法规执行问题的解释框架

党内法规能否执行到位,关系到党要管党、全面从严治党的重大战略部署,关系到良好政治生态的形成和党的长期执政能力建设等重要议题。究竟是哪些因素影响党内法规的有效执行,本研究选择《中国共产党巡视工作条例》《干部教育培训工作条例》《中共中央关于加强社会主义协商民主建设的意见》在T省的执行案例作为研究对象,遵循扎根理论的研究逻辑,直接从经验材料入手,不断归纳、对比和提炼,提出"行动者‘漏斗效应’"的解释框架。党内法规执行的行动者受认知共同体、制度协同性、激励与约束与行动者知识的因素制约,呈现层层失守的执行损耗。     

数据时代网络爬虫的内部管理型规制

网络爬虫作为数据时代一种被普遍应用的自动化数据收集技术,有着独特功能和价值。目前爬虫行为失范却对现有法律制度适用及网络空间秩序产生了严峻挑战,亟需在反思现有网络爬虫规范体系不足的基础上,引入内部管理型规制以回应网络爬虫规制的现实需求。基于网络爬虫的技术逻辑,内部管理型规制适用有行为限定、内容延展和效力涵摄面向,且功能多元。由于内部管理型规制兼有行政规制与自我规制的双重因素,因而可以上述两种规制方式为基点,对网络爬虫内部管理型规制进行横向和纵向的体系化构建。横向体系化构建应明确所涉主体形态、权义结构和责任内容;而纵向体系化构建应包括标准制定、组织建制、守法监督和执行反馈。     

论行政程序在大数据下的内涵变迁

大数据时代的到来,形成了数据的普遍化和社会化,传统行政法治的内涵也因此受到了巨大冲击,行政程序作为行政法治的核心要素无疑不能例外。这既影响到行政程序在行政法中的地位、价值、内容和运行,也影响到行政程序的规制模式和构型设计。正因如此,大数据背景下行政程序规制应由粗放向精确、由程式向有序、由定性向定量、由感性向理性变迁。在行政程序构型上,应由板块式到结构式、由自洽式到自证式、由博弈式到分配式、由套路式到效率式转换,以体现行政程序的时代特性和科学内涵。     

《中美经贸协议》中商业秘密的规定及我国应对路径

商业秘密的保护已经成为了《中美经贸协议》规制的主要问题,《中美经贸协议》对我国商业秘密保护提出了更高的要求。通过从文本格式和文本内容两个角度分析《中美经贸协议》关于商业秘密的规定,指出我国商业秘密保护法律模式及现行法律关于商业秘密保护的规定存在的不足和缺陷。我国应当从宏观上转变商业秘密保护的法律模式建立商业秘密专门法保护制度,现阶段应当加强我国涉外经贸中商业秘密保护的法律规范、修改商业秘密的刑事保护规定、增大政府商业秘密保护中的义务。     

清代因案修例的现象还原与性质界定——兼论其对完善案例指导制度的启示

清代的因案修例,即基于某一司法案件对《大清律例》中的相关条例进行修改。这是清代司法实践中一种常见的法现象。《大清律例通考》《读例存疑》等考证类释本和《驳案汇编》《刑案汇览》等描述类案例集,分别以法律文本备注和刑事案例陈述的形式,记载了因案修例的诸多实例。结合因案修例的各方面特征来看,它属于清代法律的一种司法创制机制,带有典型的传统中国特色。清代统治者通过此种机制从司法案件中抽象出成文法则,进而实现法律文本稳定性与适应性的均衡。对于当前我国的案例指导制度,因案修例有着重要的启示意义,其对明确案例指导制度的发展路径和方向,以及完善“由案到法”的衔接机制、指导性案例的审核机制、类案判断机制、指导性案例的退出机制等,具有积极的可借鉴之处。     

Data Protection: An Opening Door?

Swedish public law has incorporated a general rule of public access to documents, and to information in the wider sense, since the Freedom of the Press Act of 1766. On the Community level, the relationship between Regulation (EC) 45/2001 on data protection and Regulation (EC) 1049/2001 on public access to documents exemplifies the tension between the public's interest in scrutinising the administration carried on in its name, and the integrity of the individual. However, a similar tension exists between Sweden's Personal Data Act of 1998, implementing Directive 95/46, and the Freedom of the Press Act. A misuse model of data protection law, by seeking to concentrate on serious rather than technical infringements of privacy, might serve to ease the tension. The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author and are not attributable to any Community institution. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

物权的平等保护与我国行政救济制度发展

我国新近通过的《物权法》确立了对公私物权予以平等保护的重要原则,该原则及其贯彻对我国现行行政救济制度提出了挑战,它要求行政救济制度必须从实体、程序等方面更新一些现有规定,并重视行政救济制度对物权相关权益的平等保护,来实现对公民、法人和其他组织物权较彻底的平等保护。     

侵犯专利权犯罪刑事立法之比较研究——兼及我国专利权刑法保护的完善

从各国关于专利犯罪的刑事立法模式、罪名体系、保护对象、刑罚设置及追诉方式上看 ,既有许多共性 ,同时各具特色。完善我国大陆专利权刑法保护的基本构想 :第一 ,采取结合型立法模式 ,充分发挥附属刑法的作用 ;第二 ,完善罪名体系 ,将冒充专利和专利侵权行为纳入到刑法调控的范围 ;第三 ,设置多个量刑幅度 ,实行限额罚金制 ;第四 ,建立以自诉为主、公诉为辅的追诉模式     

Family-owned,limited close corporations and protection of ownership

Protected ownership and freedom of contracts are two basic parts of the institutional framework of successful countries according to Douglass North, winner of the Nobel Prize in 1993. The incentives to make long-term investments are strengthened if ownership rights are protected and freedom of contracts is a basic element in the process of efficient allocation of scarce resources. An important engine in prosperous societies is the family firm. Most companies in these societies can be classified as family firms and a major part of GDP is produced by family businesses. Consequently, how ownership is protected in family firms is an important issue.Three important factors of private ownership of property are the rights to determine use of owned assets, the return generated from them and to transfer the assets at mutually agreeable terms to a new owner(s).The incentives of a founder entrepreneur to put efforts into the establishment of a firm are determined by all the three factors. We will here pay special attention to the third factor, transfer of the ownership of the firm. The founder often places contractual restrictions on such transfers to ensure that the structure of ownership is stable and that the firm stays in the family. The possibility to do so is part of the freedom of contracts and is associated with the extent of ownership held as well as the incentives to invest in new businesses.This paper is primarily about how protection of family ownership can be achieved from a legal point of view and discusses the reasons to enforce these legal relationships in the future for second, third, fourth etc. generations of family owners.