哈耶克对“理性”和“理性主义”的“正名”

在现代学术话语中,理性和理性主义在很大程度上被视为笛卡尔主义的代名词,哈耶克不满"理性"和"理性主义"长期以来被其独享和滥用的局面,尝试和寻求对理性和理性主义的正名。通过对理性的重新表述和在理性主义之前加修饰语的办法,从逻辑层面上将这两个术语加以提升,区分出滥用理性的"建构理性(主义)"和有效利用理性的"进化理性(主义)",为自发生成的进化理性的社会制度进行辩护,提防个体自由遭受源于建构理性的计划和极权主义的侵蚀。     

三位一体的人类合作之扩展秩序——哈耶克的自生自发秩序原理之述评

在哈耶克的社会发展观中,中心论题是人类合作之扩展秩序,这个秩序又被归结为自生自发秩序,而自生自发秩序由三个基本要素构成:自由、竞争和规则,其基本含义就是在一般性规则之下通过社会主体之间的自由竞争以推进社会秩序的演化。其中,自由是核心,竞争和规则都是建立在自由的基础之上,因而三者在某种程度上又是等同的,共同构成了一个三位一体的自生自发秩序理论。同时,哈耶克强调的竞争是基于自由市场的竞争,规则则是基于一般契约的法律,哈耶克毕生都在阐发市场竞争和抽象法律这两个基本机制是如何保障自生自发的社会秩序不断扩展的,因此,哈耶克的扩展秩序研究体系又可形象地归结为:一个中心,两个基本点,它为我们理解哈耶克的社会发展观以及探究社会秩序的扩展基础等问题提供了基本分析框架。     

Compromising liberty: Friedrich Hayek's The road to serfdom in practice

Abstract

This paper examines a rare and unstudied piece of consultancy work undertaken in 1944 by Friedrich Hayek for the British Colonial Office and for the Government of Gibraltar. Hayek's subsequent reports suggested the reorganization of the state-regulated Gibraltar housing market in line with free market principles designed to relocate the colony's working-class population into neighbouring Spain. However, rather than freeing Gibraltarians from the evils of state planning, as identified in The road to serfdom (also 1944), this proposal would have delivered them into the dictatorship of General Franco. Not only was Franco's regime brutal, but it also practised autarkic economic policies virtually identical to those which Hayek maligned in The road to serfdom. In sum, Hayek's proposals would have benefited Gibraltar's landlords at the expense of the liberty of the majority of the civilian population.     

Progressive Taxation: Applying Hayek's Constraint

That progressive taxation might offset a disproportionate burden of indirect taxes upon low income households sits at the heart of a suggestion from Friedrich Hayek. This concerns the manner in which a degree of progression might be accommodated and constrained to preclude arbitrary tax hikes upon minority income groups. While Hayek's proposal is permissive of socialist aims, it looks for efficiency in resource usage as reflected in the aspiration ‘that each should feel that in the aggregate all the collective goods which are applied to him are worth at least as much as the contribution he is required to make’.     

哈耶克的二元法律观及其对我国法治建设的意义

20世纪著名的思想家、当代自由主义思想大师F·A·哈耶克以强调人的无知的知识论和进化的理性主义为理论基础,提出了其二元的法律观和新自由主义法哲学。他辨别了两种类型的社会秩序,从其中相应地推演出两种不同的社会规则;他更强调对保护其所独特界定的最高价值‘自由’更为关键的内在规则,而反对外在规则的膨胀和对内在规则的挤压。哈耶克的法哲学对正在建设社会主义市场经济、民主政治和法治国家的我国提供了一个观察自己问题的独特视角和新的分析框架,因而具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。     

Poor choice? Smith,Hayek and the moral economy of food consumption

This paper explores the moral economy of food in the United Kingdom via discourses on food bank usage and obesity. It argues that both of these markers of malnutrition were interpreted under the Conservative-led governments of David Cameron (2010–2016) as failings of personal responsibility and identified primarily with the working class, advancing the assumption that poor people make poor choices. Based on a critique of this account, our wider contribution is two-fold. First, we identify the Hayekian lineage of the discourse of personal responsibility, highlighting its utility in facilitating a form of neoliberal market consent through its insistence on self-reliance. Second, we stake out an alternative to this conceptualization through a discussion of Adam Smith’s notion of self-command, which we call interpersonal responsibility.     

哈耶克的“自发社会秩序”观及其与马克思的分歧

哈耶克区别了自发的秩序和人造的秩序两种不同的概念 ,认为自发的秩序使社会内容更加丰富、使分散于个体的知识得到利用、使个人得以自由发展。他的这一思想源于亚当·斯密等人的古典自由主义思想及从伯克到斯宾塞、门格尔等人的进化观 ,成为哈耶克新自由主义的核心观念 ,在西方引起了很大的反响。而马克思认为自发秩序只是一种过渡性阶段 ,人类社会必须超越自发秩序 ,以获得社会和个人真正自由的发展     

邓小平与哈耶克经济思想比较研究

我国对邓小平经济思想的研究经历了学习领会和初步兴起阶段、迅猛发展和热烈讨论阶段、深入推进但明显降温阶段,对哈耶克经济思想的研究则经历了不受重视、批判否定阶段、开始重视和介绍宣传阶段、广受关注和影响加深阶段、批判回升仍受重视阶段。这两种研究既有相同点也存在研究动力、研究态势和研究地位的差异,表明我国改革开放的路线之争过去是并且仍将是一个重大而尖锐的问题,我们应对之保持清醒认识。     

Socialism,associations and the market

Hayek's epistemic arguments against central planning and in defence of market economies have recently been redeployed by some market-socialists against more decentralized models of non-market socialism. This paper considers the cogency of these arguments through an examination of an unpublished exchange in the socialist calculation debates between Hayek and a proponent of non-market associational models of socialism, Otto Neurath. Contrary to the standard view of the debates, Neurath shared many of the assumptions of Hayek's epistemic arguments and similarly criticized technocratic models of planning. The paper outlines Neurath's defence of associational socialism from his early role in the Bavarian revolution through his engagement in the post-war housing movements in Vienna and the unity of science movement. While Neurath's response to Hayek is not entirely successful, his proposals for associational models of socialism point to problems not just in Hayek's criticisms of non-market socialism, but also those of more recent market-socialists.     

Is Neoliberalism a Liberalism,or a Stranger Kind of Bird? On Hayek and Our Discontents

Abstract

This paper examines the theoretical ideas of Friedrich von Hayek, arguably the key progenitor of the global economic orthodoxy of the past two decades. It assesses Hayek's thought as he presents it: namely as a form of liberal ism. Section I argues that Hayek's thought, if liberal, is hostile to participatory democracy. Section II then argues the more radical thesis that neoliberalism is also in truth an illiberal doctrine. Founded not in any social contract doctrine, but a form of constructivism, neoliberal thought at its base accepts the paradoxical need to "discipline subjects for freedom", however this might contravene peoples' natural, social inclinations. The argument is framed by reference to Aristophanes' great comedy, The Birds, whose off shore borderless empire ironically prefigures the dream of neoliberal social engineers, and their corporate supporters.