One anthropologist’s answer to Glenn D. Paige’s question challenging peace studies

ABSTRACT

Glenn D. Paige pioneered in the revolutionary development of a far-reaching transformation of science, academia, and society from a killing to a nonkilling worldview, values, and attitudes. For six decades, anthropology has been accumulating scientific empirical evidence and rational arguments demonstrating that nonkilling societies exist, thereby rebutting the simplistic biological determinist myth that human nature inevitably and universally generates violence and war. Nevertheless, Hobbessians persist in their echo chamber advertising and celebrating the innate depravity of the human species as apologists for war and peace resisters. This systemic bias operates in synergy with the American industrial-military-media-academic complex and culture, the latter exemplified by a revealing comparison of war and football. With great intellectual courage and creative thinking, Paige critically challenges the anachronistic Hobbesian paradigm and offers a far more compelling and positive alternative for sustainable peace in the future.     

重思霍布斯的自然权利

霍布斯以自然权利论为核心的政治哲学为现代性的西方秩序提供了坚实的基础，在这个意义上说他无愧于“近代政治哲学创始人”的关誉。列奥·施特劳斯对霍布斯的研究可以说是终身的事业，笔者基于施特劳斯早年的作品《霍布斯的政治哲学》及其将近二十年后的成名作《自然权利与历史》及《什么是政治哲学》中关于霍布斯部分的论述，意图经由施特劳斯独特的的解读视角，全面深刻地理解霍布斯的自然权利论。     

From the Hobbesian State to Perpetual Peace ---The Thoughts of the Ethical Community in Kant＇s Philosophy of Religion

康德认为，霍布斯所设想的“人人相互为敌”的自然状态不仅存在于政治领域，在道德领域同样存在。为了人这个族类的道德、幸福及至善的实现，个体的人在完善自我道德的同时，整个人类应该走出自然状态，走向道德和解，最终实现永久和平。这个永久和平的方式佰是伦理共同体。伦理共同体是联结康德道德哲学和宗教哲学的重要思想。     

Staging Power: Marx, Hobbes and the Personification of Capital

This article raises questions about the nature and status of the persona behind which contemporary capital operates. It does so by developing Marx's comments on personification in a very different direction to that intended by him, taking them, via Hobbes, into the deeper recesses of company law. The argument that develops is that modern law has facilitated the mechanism by which capital dominates civil society, an argument illustrated through the veil of the corporate persona worn by capital. The rhetorical trope around which the argument is organized is the stage of power; the barely-mentioned backdrop is the possibility of real resistance to corporate power; the broader intention is to help develop the Marxist theory of law. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

From conditions of equality to demands of justice: equal freedom,motivation and justification in Hobbes,Rousseau and Rawls

Equal freedom is the common starting point for most contractual theories of justice from Hobbes and Rousseau to Rawls. But while equal freedom defines a common starting point for these theories, this does not result in a general consensus on the conception of justice. On the contrary, different ways of conceptualizing the contractual starting point leads to different conceptions of the demands of justice. To fully understand the relationship between equal freedom and justice we therefore first need to explicate how and why the initial condition of equality is transformed into demands of justice. In this paper we discuss how this transformation takes place in the theories of Hobbes, Rousseau and Rawls, with particular emphasis on the vexed relationship between motivation and justification.     

从霍布斯状态到永久和平——康德宗教哲学中的伦理共同体思想

康德认为,霍布斯所设想的“人人相互为敌”的自然状态不仅存在于政治领域,在道德领域同样存在。为了人这个族类的道德、幸福及至善的实现,个体的人在完善自我道德的同时,整个人类应该走出自然状态,走向道德和解,最终实现永久和平。这个永久和平的方式佰是伦理共同体。伦理共同体是联结康德道德哲学和宗教哲学的重要思想。     

近代刑事法学思想的先声——霍布斯刑事法学思想述评

一般认为,是贝卡利亚首先将启蒙思想引入刑法领域,贝氏也因此被称之为"刑法学之父"。其实,早在贝氏之前(早于贝氏113年),霍布斯就完整地提出了罪刑法定和罪刑相适应的刑法基本原则,并论述了犯罪的概念与原因、刑罚权的来源、罪恶与罪行、不得自证其罪、反对刑讯逼供等刑法学思想。这在中世纪欧洲的刑事法学发展史上起到了承前启后的作用。霍布斯不是一位职业刑事法学者,这可能也是他的刑法学思想至今未被人们充分理解的重要缘故。但他关于刑法的一些基本理论与见解,给后人以重大影响,如果说贝卡利亚的《论犯罪与刑罚》是近、现代意义上刑法思想的启蒙,那么霍布斯的《利维坦》就是其启蒙之启蒙。     

On Not Making Ourselves the Prey of Others: Jean Hampton's Feminist Contractarianism

This article assesses Jean Hampton’s feminist contractarianism by considering the way in which she draws together the contradictory positions of Hobbes and Kant to produce a test for exploitation in personal relationships. The ways in which this work fits with her other analysis of retribution, gratitude and self-worth are examined. Hampton’s work is evaluated in the context of Carole Pateman’s argument that moral theories distract from the political analysis of who has a voice in relationships. Hampton’s work presumes the social and economic structures that Pateman has done so much to understand. It is useful as a claim for justice in personal relationships, to be considered as part of consciousness-raising or public debate.     

有限政府理论溯源

相对于＂事无巨细、包揽一切＂的全能政府而言,有限政府是指政治权力、政府职能、政府规模和行为方式都受到宪法和法律明文限制并接受社会监督和制约的政府。本文主要依据西方经典政治哲学著作对有限政府理论追本溯源,认为有限政府理论起源于古希腊、古罗马时期,经由霍布斯、洛克、卢梭等人的阐明和传播,最终成为资产阶级政府职能设定的基本理论和基本原则。     

霍布斯绝对君主政体思想及其借鉴意义

霍布斯是近代西方伟大的政治思想家之一,他的政体理论在西方政治思想史中也具有重要地位,他主张君主专制政体,认为绝对君主政体是最好的国家形式。通过对他的政体思想进行研究,找出其中的历史局限性及其在反对神权与封建割据中的重要性,并对其政体思想进行反思与总结,对于更深入全面理解他的政治思想并对现实政治有所借鉴具有重要的意义。