激励——保健理论与公务员行为

激励———保健理论认为只有激励因素才能够给公众带来满意感,而保健因素只能消除公众的不满,不会带来满意感。在激励———保健理论的指引下,公务员应树立“以顾客为中心”等观念,向公众传递高价值的服务,从而赢得公众的满意。     

我国精神障碍者非自愿医疗的法律透视——以精神卫生法的出台为背景

随着精神卫生法的颁布,我国非自愿医疗法律制度初步建立,为良莠不齐的地方性立法提供了统一的依据,平等地保护了精神障碍者的合法权益。但该法律制度仍存在法律原则中缺乏明确的无病推定规定、非自愿医疗的分类标准单一、"去行政化"理念未能贯彻到位、精神障碍者与监护人利益冲突悬而未决、非自愿医疗的程序规范力度不够、精神卫生法与刑事诉讼法衔接不畅等诸多问题。为妥善解决这些问题,需要在人文主义的价值理念指引下进行完善,应当依据是否触犯刑法分类处理、畅通非自愿医疗的司法救济渠道、加强监护制度与非自愿医疗制度的耦合、细化非自愿医疗的出入院程序、强化无利益关系第三方的监督机制。     

医政监督执法中的焦点问题分析及解决对策

通过对2006年青岛市卫生监督所医政执法监督处罚的93例违反《医疗机构管理条例》和《母婴保健法》案例的分析,可见其中最为显著的违法问题是医疗机构存在使用非卫生技术人员的现象,占到全部处罚案例的87%。成为卫生医政监督执法中的焦点问题。依法界定执法职责,梳理执法依据,分解执法职权,确定执法责任,是医政执法监督面临的重大课题。     

浙江省江山市2005—2008年非法行医行政处罚案例分析

为对非法行医现象和行政处罚情况进行分析,从而为做好非法行医查处工作提出建议。我单位通过对江山市2005-2008年共86起非法行医行政处罚案例,从案由、违法主体类别、处罚情况等进行研究。研究结果显示,86例行政处罚中,以农村和城乡结合部为据点,以未取得《医疗机构执业许可证》擅自执业最多,其次是使用非卫生技术人员从事医疗卫生技术工作：主体类别以个体为主;罚款平均为每件次2994元,处罚额度过低。打击非法行医任务重、难度大,社会关注度高,需要加大执法力度,加强部门联动,加快社区卫生服务能力建设和完善合作医疗制度,强化培训,实行责任追究,建议修改相关法律法规,有效打击非法行医。     

Public health measures against neonatal tetanus on the island of Vestmannaeyjar (Iceland) during the 19th century

The article presents a study of neonatal tetanus on the tiny island of Vestmannaeyjar (Iceland) during the 18th and 19th centuries. At an early date, Vestmannaeyjar was known for its high levels of mortality from neonatal tetanus. This appalling mortality is analysed, inter alia, on the basis of parish registers at the individual family level. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, more than three out of four newborns on the island died during the first 2weeks of life. At the beginning of the 19th century, Icelandic and Danish authorities had already showed great interest in improving infant survival on Vestmannaeyjar. In 1827 a physician was appointed to the island and by the late 1840s the disease was successfully fought on the island. The achievement on Vestmannaeyjar is a good example of how the sanitary movement was able to bring about important improvements in infant survival long before the breakthrough of the bacteriological revolution.     

Infant mortality and concepts of hygiene. Strategies and consequences in the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic: the example of Berlin

The fight against infant mortality followed the guidelines of “hygiene” and their modifications into social, racial, and national hygiene. In Berlin, the campaign to promote infant hygiene began in 1904, when the municipal authorities started to create infant care centers tentatively under the auspices of a charitable association. During and after the First World War, the authorities expanded this campaign to reflect a growing commitment to the principles of social and racial hygiene, which aimed both to improve social conditions that worked against the health of children and to strengthen the constitution of the race. While racial hygienists feared that social measures for the weak would promote degeneration by encouraging their survival, social hygienists argued that it was impossible to distinguish between “fit” and “unfit” in early childhood, and eugenics became increasingly important. Social hygiene as a means of prevention was reduced to a “systematical registration” of the more or less fit individuals. This development and the eugenic background of infant care created a link to the concept of selection in Nazi Germany.     

Biopolitics and Social Pathologies

Abstract

The question of social medicine provides the opportunity to engage in a critical reading of Foucault's theory of biopower. The analyses dedicated by Foucault to ‘the birth of social medicine’ represent one of the few examples of a thorough application of that theory. They allow Foucault to show the heuristic value of the biopolitical hypothesis at the level of the most concrete historical materiality, and not just at that of the general history of the forms of governmentality. These analyses, however, also allow the historiographical and political limits of the biopolitical hypothesis to come to light. From the perspective of the history of sciences as well as from that of the analysis of the modalities of social critique in the first half of the nineteenth century, Foucault appears to provide an interpretation that is too continuist and tends to homogenise the historical phenomena. The disqualification of social medicine relies in part on simplifications that continue to bear great significance today in view of the current transformations in the social question.     

Public health measures against neonatal tetanus on the island of Vestmannaeyjar (Iceland) during the 19th century

The article presents a study of neonatal tetanus on the tiny island of Vestmannaeyjar (Iceland) during the 18th and 19th centuries. At an early date, Vestmannaeyjar was known for its high levels of mortality from neonatal tetanus. This appalling mortality is analysed, inter alia, on the basis of parish registers at the individual family level. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, more than three out of four newborns on the island died during the first 2 weeks of life. At the beginning of the 19th century, Icelandic and Danish authorities had already showed great interest in improving infant survival on Vestmannaeyjar. In 1827 a physician was appointed to the island and by the late 1840s the disease was successfully fought on the island. The achievement on Vestmannaeyjar is a good example of how the sanitary movement was able to bring about important improvements in infant survival long before the breakthrough of the bacteriological revolution.