墨梅始祖花光仲仁生平事迹考

水墨画梅的创始者仲仁,大约在宋神宗熙宁六七年间(1073-1074)"渡淮涉湘",来到南岳衡山,宋哲宗元祐末年入驻衡州花光寺,为长老,由此闻名,并在此度过余生.宋徽宗宣和四年谋归故乡越州山阴未成,次年(1123)二月卒.在衡岳一带生活近五十年,善绘画.宋哲宗绍圣以来,仲仁以绘画与贬谪南下的各路官僚文人广泛交往,深受欢迎.苏门文人的品题、赞誉,扩大了其影响.黄庭坚<山谷别集>卷六<书赠花光仁老>两信当为秦观所作.     

Classification and individualization of black ballpoint pen inks using principal component analysis of UV-vis absorption spectra

The technique of principal component analysis has been applied to the UV-vis spectra of inks obtained from a wide range of black ballpoint pens available in the UK market. Both the pen ink and material extracted from the ink line on paper have been examined. Here, principal component analysis characterised each spectrum within a group through the numerical loadings attached to the first few principal components. Analysis of the spectra from multiple measurements on the same brand of pen showed excellent reproducibility and clear discrimination between inks that was supported by statistical analysis. Indeed it was possible to discriminate between the pen ink and the ink line from all brands examined in this way, suggesting that the solvent extraction process may have an influence on these results. For the complete set of 25 pens, interpretation of the loadings for the first few principal components showed that both the pen inks and the extracted ink lines may be classified in an objective manner and in agreement with the results of parallel thin layer chromatography studies. Within each class almost all inks could be individualised. Further work has shown that principal component analysis may be used to identify a particular ink from a database of reference UV-vis spectra and a strategy for developing this approach is suggested.     

Erasable ink; something old, something new

Writing made with the Frixion ® rollerball pen by Pilot ® can be made colourless using the eraser incorporated in each pen. The heat generated by the friction between eraser and paper decolourises the ink and other sources of heat have a similar effect. The original colour of the ink is restored by cooling it to a temperature below 20 °C.     

喷墨打印字迹笔画周围飞溅墨点形态特征比较研究

喷墨打印机品牌和型号的识别是我国文检领域的难题.本文收集了惠普、佳能、爱普生三大品牌,共11种型号的喷墨打印机打印的28份实验样本,在体视显微镜下对样本字迹笔画周围飞溅墨点的显微形态特征进行了观察比较.通过比较分析,发现惠普、佳能、爱普生三大品牌的喷墨打印机所打印字迹在笔画周围飞溅墨点的显微形态特征方面存在明显差异,可据此对三大品牌进行识别.     

浅谈确定相对书写时间中的中性笔笔痕特征

文章介绍了中性笔笔痕的概念,通过实验分析了中性笔笔痕特征的变化规律,阐述了其在实际案例中的应用过程,并且指出了在笔记鉴定工作中应用这一规律时应注意的事项。     

Ink dating,part I: Statistical distribution of selected ageing parameters in a ballpoint inks reference population

The development of ink dating methods requires an important amount of work in order to be reliably applicable in practice. Major tasks include the definition of ageing parameters to monitor ink ageing. An adequate parameter should ideally fulfil the following criteria: it should evolve as a function of time in a monotonic way, be measurable in a majority of ink entries, be as accurate and reproducible as possible, and finally it should not be influenced too much by transfer and storage conditions. This work aimed at evaluating the potential of seven ageing parameters for ink dating purposes: the phenoxyethanol quantity, relative peak areas (RPA), three solvent loss ratios (R%, R%*, NR%) and two solvent loss parameters (R_NORM, NR_NORM). These were calculated over approximately one year for 25 inks selected from a large database to represent different ageing behaviours. Ink entries were analysed using liquid extraction followed by GC/MS analysis. Results showed that natural ageing parameters (NR% and NR_NORM) were not suitable ageing parameters for ink entries older than a few weeks. RPA used other compounds present in ink formulations in combination to PE in order to normalise the results. However, it presented particular difficulties as they could not be defined for all inks and were thus applicable only for 64% of the studied inks. Finally, the PE quantity, R% and R_NORM allowed to follow the ageing of the selected inks over the whole time frame and were identified as the most promising. These were thus selected to test three different interpretation models in the second part of this article. The possibilities and limitations of ink dating methods will be discussed in a legal perspective.     

New perspectives in the use of ink evidence in forensic science: Part III: Operational applications and evaluation

The research reported in this series of article aimed at (1) automating the search of questioned ink specimens in ink reference collections and (2) at evaluating the strength of ink evidence in a transparent and balanced manner. These aims require that ink samples are analysed in an accurate and reproducible way and that they are compared in an objective and automated way. This latter requirement is due to the large number of comparisons that are necessary in both scenarios. A research programme was designed to (a) develop a standard methodology for analysing ink samples in a reproducible way, (b) comparing automatically and objectively ink samples and (c) evaluate the proposed methodology in forensic contexts.This report focuses on the last of the three stages of the research programme. The calibration and acquisition process and the mathematical comparison algorithms were described in previous papers [C. Neumann, P. Margot, New perspectives in the use of ink evidence in forensic science—Part I: Development of a quality assurance process for forensic ink analysis by HPTLC, Forensic Sci. Int. 185 (2009) 29–37; C. Neumann, P. Margot, New perspectives in the use of ink evidence in forensic science—Part II: Development and testing of mathematical algorithms for the automatic comparison of ink samples analysed by HPTLC, Forensic Sci. Int. 185 (2009) 38–50].In this paper, the benefits and challenges of the proposed concepts are tested in two forensic contexts: (1) ink identification and (2) ink evidential value assessment. The results show that different algorithms are better suited for different tasks. This research shows that it is possible to build digital ink libraries using the most commonly used ink analytical technique, i.e. high-performance thin layer chromatography, despite its reputation of lacking reproducibility. More importantly, it is possible to assign evidential value to ink evidence in a transparent way using a probabilistic model. It is therefore possible to move away from the traditional subjective approach, which is entirely based on experts’ opinion, and which is usually not very informative.While there is room for the improvement, this report demonstrates the significant gains obtained over the traditional subjective approach for the search of ink specimens in ink databases, and the interpretation of their evidential value.     

PRAXIS—combined μ-Raman and μ-XRF spectrometers in the examination of forensic samples

Recently, two analytical techniques – Raman and XRF spectroscopy – have been often applied in criminalistic examinations of different kinds of trace evidences. In this paper, the application of the new combined μ-Raman and μ-XRF spectrometer in analysis of multilayer paint chips, modern inks, plastics and fibres was evaluated. It was ascertained that the apparatus possesses real advantages and could be helpful in the identification of examined materials after some modifications, i.e. by adding an extra laser and decreasing the spot size of the X-ray beam.     

中性笔及其字迹色痕检验

利用中性笔作为书写工具实施变造文件的案件呈明显上升趋势,中性笔字迹色痕检验尤显迫切。中性笔笔痕检验包括笔痕特征法和笔法宽度测量法,中性笔字迹色痕检验包括无损检验法和有损检验法。     

签字笔墨水及其检验方法

在各类经济案件和经济纠纷中,作案人或当事人常常于事后以蓝色签字笔为书写工具伪造文件,达到逃脱罪责、篡改事实的目的,很多情况下,蓝色签字笔字迹色痕的鉴定就成为鉴定文件真伪的唯一依据,其重要性备受关注。