“常识”与传统中国州县司法——从一个疑难案件(新会田坦案)展开的思考

自晚清变法修律以来,学界多批评传统州县司法的主要弊端是行政兼理司法和与此相关的非专业化司法,现在发现了大量反映传统司法实际运作的司法档案材料,此种观点有了反思的必要和可能。事实上,从传统中国州县司法的实际运作来看,其重点是查清案情和进行判决,起决定作用的是“常识”而非“专业知识”,而且“常识”才是传统地方司法所真正需要的。这种“常识”包括了“律学常识”、官员“伦理常识”和“地方性常识”等部分,从而具有浓厚的主观性、地方性和个人化特征,使得传统地方司法更依赖于官员个体。从司法独立和专业司法的眼光来审视传统是一种时代错位,它忽略了制度与社会需要之间的对应关系,既不利于学术研究,同时也回避了建立现代司法体系的真正阻力所在。     

全球化视野下的中国农民问题

中国的三农问题引起了越来越多的关注,中央政府希望通过农业补贴、减少税费等措施提高农民收入。但是与20世纪80年代中国农村不同,中国农民已经处于全球化的影响之下,这种影响已在农民就业、农业生产组织和农业生产三个方面充分展示。因此,我们必须站在全球的角度来看待中国的农民问题。     

浅谈知识经济时代我国教育事业的发展方向

在农业经济时代,教育的职能是教与学;工业经济时代,教育的科研应用和为社会服务的职能逐步加强,高校中出现了教学和科研两个中心。进入知识经济时代,知识获得新的载体,使教育成为知识传播、生产和应用的知识产业。     

理论创新的三个向度

能否实现理论创新 ,与理论所具备的知识向度、价值向度和思维向度相关 ,取决于理论三个向度求真、求善和求新的统一。知识向度是理论创新的前提和基础 ,规定着理论创新是否可能 ;价值向度是理论创新的动力因素 ,也规定着理论创新的方向 ;思维向度则决定了理论创新的方式和实现途径 ,是理论创新的保证     

马克思的哲学意识、科学意识及历史意识

本文结合学术界关于马克思哲学本质的讨论 ,致力于探讨在哲学意识与科学意识的关系问题上 ,马克思所具有的与西方现代哲学家不同的出场路径。马克思尽管没有像胡塞尔和海德格尔那样转向现象学和存在论 ,但他依然很好地发挥了哲学的意识 ,并且恰恰就是在现代西方哲学家所要克服的认识论的维度上来发挥这种哲学意识的 ,这就是马克思科学认识论的丰富内涵之所在。     

企业持久竞争优势探源：多重理论视角分析及其内在一致性

探求企业竞争优势的源泉是经济学和管理学的重要论题。围绕这个问题,迄今为止已经出现了企业资源理论、能力理论、知识理论和创新理论等诸多理论阐释。本文试图在评述这些理论的基础上,探求这些不同的理论对持久竞争优势源泉问题的解释的内在一致性,从而从理论上回答企业持久竞争优势的最根本的源泉是什么。     

中国古代官民知法守法的法律宣传

中国古代很早便推行社会性的普及法律知识的宣传教育活动,自先秦至明清,法律宣传形式多样,覆盖面广,代有特色,体现了古圣先贤以法治世、以法育民的智慧。有些经验对于当前的普法教育也有值得借鉴的历史意义,如立法贵在简明,便于官吏习法执法、百姓知法守法;首重官吏,次及百姓;法律宣传逐渐制度化、法律化、常态化。     

The use and non-use of policy appraisal tools in public policy making: an analysis of three European countries and the European Union

The increasing complexity of policy problems, coupled with the political desire to base new policies on the foundation of firm evidence, has accelerated the development of policy assessment tools. These range from complex computer models and cost benefit analysis through simple checklists and decision trees. In the last decade, many governments have established formal policy assessment systems to harness these tools in order to facilitate more evidence-based policy making. These tools are potentially widely available, but to what extent are they used by policy makers and what becomes of the evidence that they generate? This paper addresses these questions by studying the empirical patterns of tool use across 37 cases in three European countries and the European Commission. It uses a simple classification of tools into advanced, formal and simple types. It finds that even when tools are embedded in policy assessment systems, their use is differentiated and on the whole very limited, in particular when it comes to more advanced tools. It then explores these patterns from contrasting theoretical perspectives to shed light on why, when and how different policy assessment tools are used in the policy process.     

对知识经济内涵的剖析

认识知识经济,应当深入了解知识的概念和知识经济的内涵。知识经济改变了传统的资源配置方式和生产要素的投入比例,改变了产业结构,是世界一体化经济。     

How to share and utilise expertise in a police forensic department through externalisation and mutualisation

The technique of fire investigation is a forensic domain in which expertise and analogies play a central role. To learn how fire investigators use these analogies to support their work, we conducted an ethnographic study in a Swiss forensic police department. To propose a suitable knowledge-management strategy, we also evaluated the knowledge conservation and sharing within the department. Our results highlighted that actionable knowledge is registered mainly in the investigators’ memories of a few, very experienced, individuals. Without experience with fire-incident investigations, an agent generally requires help from a more experienced colleague, who will then use his memory to find a similar case, which can contribute to the solution of the ongoing one. The research also established that knowledge is exchanged orally during on-site investigations and that knowledge receivers are generally those who are present on the scene. Using these findings, we suggest building a case library to support the externalisation and sharing of knowledge.