弱势群体保护的社会契约分析

社会契约的“订立”旨在使人类摆脱“自然状态”进入“社会状态”;作为国家“存在原理”,社会契约主旨是解决个人、社会和国家之间的权利与义务问题,其终极关怀是人民的福祉——保障安全、自由、财富和尊严等。但这些可欲的价值的实现须符合一种正义的原则和道德要求:平等对待和惠及包括弱势群体在内的社会合作体系中的每一个立约者。平等、互惠构成弱势群体保护的社会契约基础和道德义务,也是社会契约和社会秩序的实现条件。在这一意义上,不保护弱势群体,社会契约目的就不能达到,政府合法性就被质疑。弱势群体保护需要对社会契约进行动态完善——创新保护模式、着力后续调整、突出经济权利、建立诉讼制衡机制、高扬人本立约观。     

人类遗产与家园生态

遗产作为一种特殊的“财产”,与人类有着脱不了的干系。对它的认识、理解与解释构成了一系列复杂、多样和变迁的结构关系。理解这些关系对于真正了解遗产和对遗产的有效保护至关重要。在现代大规模群众旅游的活动中,各类遗产都面临着人类新的认识和选择,而这些认识和选择表现出对人类自我家园的重新“建构”。同时,这一切也与中国政府所制定的“和谐社会”和“可持续性发展”战略有着直接的关系。     

黑社会性质组织犯罪的司法认定

准确认定黑社会性质组织犯罪,对打击黑社会性质组织犯罪具有重要意义。对黑社会性质组织罪的认定,要坚持理论与实践相结合。文章依据刑法及相关的司法、立法解释,指出了黑社会性质组织犯罪的基本特征,即组织的严密性、非法经济的目的性、犯罪手段的暴力性和严重的危害性。     

群众公认：群众路线在选人用人中的价值导向——基于欠发达地区的认识和思考

提高干部选拔任用公信度,归根到底是群众公认。群众公认是群众路线在选人用人中的具体运用和生动体现,是富有针对性的价值导向。     

论分裂主义与国家承认

对国家承认问题的研究是国际关系学界容易忽视的研究领域。近年来,随着世界分裂主义的发展甚嚣尘上,围绕对分裂实体的国家承认所引发的矛盾和冲突也更为激烈,因此研究分裂主义与国际承认之间的关系便十分必要。国际政治中的国家承认是指各国将某个政治行为体确认和接纳为新的主权国家。虽然国际法确认了国家承认的基本原则,但是各承认国主要基于自身的利益来考量对新成员特别是分裂实体的国家承认,这不可避免地导致了国家承认实践中的差异与纷争。正因如此,对面临分裂主义挑战的国家来说,在反分裂斗争中有必要制定和实施"反承认战略",以遏制分裂主义的图谋。当然,对于分裂主义应对而言,问题发展到"建国"的阶段其实已十分严峻,相关国家更应该注重这一阶段之前的治理工作,如遏制分裂势力的发展、寻求实现政治和解、防范外部势力的介入等。     

越南李朝兵制与唐宋兵制关系探析

兵制是一个国家的重要典章制度,同时也是维护国家独立和民族繁荣的有效手段。李朝作为11至13世纪中南半岛上的强国之一,十分重视兵制的建设。由于中越复杂的历史联系,李朝立国后在兵制的设置上借鉴了唐宋兵制,尤其是重点效仿唐宋兵制的军事领导体制、武装力量体制和兵役制度等军事制度。不过,李朝兵制并没有完全照搬唐宋兵制,它既吸收了唐宋兵制的精华,又因地制宜地发展出了符合李朝自身国情的兵制,并增设了新的兵种"象兵"。李朝兵制无论是在平定内乱抑或开疆扩土中,都契合了国家发展的实际需要。反过来,李朝兵制也对宋朝的兵制产生了一定的影响,宋朝也参考了李朝兵制对其兵制进行改革。宋朝兵制在改革中充分借鉴了李朝的军事编制,尤其是"军"这种新的军队编制的创设,成为宋朝改革军队编制的开端。从李朝兵制大力效仿唐宋兵制,再到宋朝亦在兵制建设上借鉴李朝兵制的优点,这种相互学习与借鉴,增进了古代中国与周边国家的关系,也进一步促进了二者之间的相互交融和融合,从而形成了今天的中国与周边国家的文化中你只有我、我中有你的文化格局。     

规避执行法律识别机制的探索与构建——以类型化模式分析为基础

建立可操作的规避执行行为识别机制是目前突破执行规避、破解执行僵局的首要任务。类型化模式是分析建立规避执行行为识别机制的有效路径,规避执行可以分为主体规避、财产规避、滥用法定程序规避、其他规避等四种类型。在类型化模式的基础上分别梳理出可操作的判断标准和适用程序,并进行有效的责任追究,是破解规避执行行为的理想方式。     

Reciprocity and rape: Blackness and the paradox of sexual violence

This essay expands Saidiya Hartman's unflinching paradigmatic analysis in Scenes of Subjection of the modes of historical continuity in which Black women are barred from reciprocity, recognition, and incorporation ab initio (Hartman, Saidiya V. 1997. Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press.). By engaging the works of key Marxist feminist theorist Leopoldina Fortunati, I will demystify the ways in which these three homologies which non-Black women depend upon for the coherence of their complaint are parasitic on the flesh of Black women and men.     

On the political and democratic preconditions of equal recognition

Alan Patten’s Equal Recognition is a compelling justification of a liberal, procedural conception of recognition. This conception is built upon a convincing conception of moral equality, but it does not offer a full theoretical discussion of recognition. I argue that the liberal recognition provided by Patten is too formal and narrow to address all relevant issues regarding conflicts of recognition in democratic societies. In particular, it does not consider the political and democratic preconditions that should be granted to minority groups or immigrants in order to provide them fair opportunities to effectively (and not only formally) reach equal recognition.     

International Transitional Administrations and the Politics of Authority Building

This article critically examines authority-building practices of international transitional administrations (ITAs) engaged in statebuilding, and evaluates authority building as a framework for understanding the practices of statebuilding operations. It argues that war-torn states rarely lack actors claiming authority, but that these claims are often competing and mutually exclusive, and frequently not widely recognized. Building authority, therefore, requires ITAs to choose between different actors, recognizing the authority claims of some and withholding recognition from others, seeking ways to strengthen their ability to justify their authority claims vis-à-vis domestic and international audiences. Through authority-building practices, external actors directly become part of the political competition and dynamics of war-affected societies. The discussion of authority building by ITAs proceeds in three steps. The first section outlines the concept of political authority, in particular in the context of fragile states and of ITAs, and discusses relevant methodological issues. The second section then examines three distinct aspects of authority building by ITAs: claiming and justifying their own authority, recognizing and validating the authority claims of local actors, and strengthening the capacity of local actors to justify their authority claims. The final section concludes the paper with some reflections on political authority and authority building.