What do forensic analysts consider relevant to their decision making?

In response to research demonstrating that irrelevant contextual information can bias forensic science analyses, authorities have increasingly urged laboratories to limit analysts' access to irrelevant and potentially biasing information (Dror and Cole (2010) [3]; National Academy of Sciences (2009) [18]; President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (2016) [22]; UK Forensic Science Regulator (2015) [26]). However, a great challenge in implementing this reform is determining which information is task-relevant and which is task-irrelevant. In the current study, we surveyed 183 forensic analysts to examine what they consider relevant versus irrelevant in their forensic analyses. Results revealed that analysts generally do not regard information regarding the suspect or victim as essential to their analytic tasks. However, there was significant variability among analysts within and between disciplines. Findings suggest that forensic science disciplines need to agree on what they regard as task-relevant before context management procedures can be properly implemented. The lack of consensus about what is relevant information not only leaves room for biasing information, but also reveals foundational gaps in what analysts consider crucial in forensic decision making.     

应用硅珠法提取陈旧骨骼DNA

骨骼相对于人体其他的组织脏器腐败降解慢,是进行高度腐败及白骨化样本DNA检验的唯一检材。但骨骼DNA的提取比较困难,本文运用传统的硅珠法提取骨骼DNA取得了很好的效果。1材料与方法1.1样本1~4年水浸泡、土埋的股骨、肱骨等样本,来自本实验室日常检案检材。1.2方法1.2.1骨骼DNA提取用水洗净骨骼表面,晾干。锯成小块,用锉打磨内外表面。去离子水、乙醇和5%bleach浸泡、晾干,磨成粉末。取骨粉5g;加入0.5mon/L EDTA(pH8.0)溶液,搅拌均匀置于摇床上脱钙12h,去离子水洗两遍,去上清,重复4次[1];沉渣中加入适量裂解液(6mon/L GuSCN,20mo…     

中国汉族与日本群体DYFl55S1基因座的遗传多态性

目的探讨Y染色体DYF155S1基因座的遗传多态性及群体间差异。方法 应用MVR-PCR、荧光显谱及DNA序列分析技术,对来自中国群体(北方汉族,64例)和日本群体(43例)男性个体的DYF155S1基因座进行初步分析。结果107例样本共检出了5种重复序列类型,包括新的命名为6型的重复序列,它是在1型的基础上T22A置换所形成,仅存在于日本群体,可作为民族特征性遗传标记。2群体重复序列的排列方式以3134顺序为主,在中国和日本群体中各占73.44％和67.44％,是黄种人的特点。134顺序在中国群体中占第二位,为17.19％,6134排列占日本群体的16.28％。3’端的4型重复序列的平均数目在日本群体为8.8条,明显低于中国群体的12.5条。结论DYF155S1基因座具有非常高的遗传多态性和明显的群体差异。     

冠状动脉内弹力膜缺损与冠心病猝死的关系

目的探讨冠状动脉内弹力膜(IEL)病变与冠心病猝死(SCD)的关系。方法从本单位近5年尸检案例中挑选60例病例和心脏标本,分为SCD组、对照组A和B组。每例分别在冠状动脉左前降支近段取材,常规制片,HE和双重组合特殊染色,显微镜下观察冠状动脉IEL,并用图像分析技术对特殊染色的IEL进行形态定量分析。结果60例中,SCD组(男性24例,女性6例,年龄30~83岁)的冠状动脉IEL缺失明显(缺失率=41.64%),未缺失的IEL失去原有弯曲度而变平直;对照组A(冠心病非猝死者,男性13例、女性2例,年龄41~80岁)的冠状动脉IEL缺失程度较SCD组稍轻(缺失率=30.53%);对照组B(无冠心病的其他死者,男性8例,女性7例,年龄17~54岁)的冠状动脉IEL仅有轻度缺失(缺失率=15.67%),多保持原有波浪状结构。统计学分析显示,SCD组与对照组、SCD组与对照组B、对照组A与对照组B之间IEL缺损率的差异均具有极显著性意义;SCD组与对照组A在IEL缺损率上的差异有显著性意义。结论SCD与其冠状动脉IEL缺损率的大小密切相关。     

DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics: Recommendations on the interpretation of mixtures

The DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) was convened at the 21st congress of the International Society for Forensic Genetics held between 13 and 17 September in the Azores, Portugal. The purpose of the group was to agree on guidelines to encourage best practice that can be universally applied to assist with mixture interpretation. In addition the commission was tasked to provide guidance on low copy number (LCN) reporting. Our discussions have highlighted a significant need for continuing education and research into this area. We have attempted to present a consensus from experts but to be practical we do not claim to have conveyed a clear vision in every respect in this difficult subject. For this reason, we propose to allow a period of time for feedback and reflection by the scientific community. Then the DNA commission will meet again to consider further recommendations.     

牛分枝杆菌esat-6和mpb70-mpb83基因DNA疫苗的免疫效果

用PCR技术和重叠延伸剪接技术获得牛分枝杆菌esat-6基因和mpb70-mpb83融合基因,连接真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+),构建了重组质粒pCE6和pC70-83-E6。分4组免疫小鼠:pCE6组、pC70-83-E6组、pcDNA3.1(+)和PBS对照组,采用间接ELISA法检测免疫小鼠血清特异性抗体水平,MTT法检测免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖情况和IFN-γ分泌情况。结果表明,2重组质粒免疫组小鼠的血清抗体水平持续上升,而2对照组始终维持在较低水平,且pC70-83-E6组小鼠的抗体水平高于pCE6组。经PPD刺激后,pCE6组和pC70-83-E6组小鼠的SI值与2对照组均差异显著(P<0.05),2重组质粒免疫组间差异不显著(P>0.05);2重组质粒免疫小鼠脾细胞产生的IFN-γ均显著高于2对照组(P<0.05),且pC70-83-E6组明显高于其他3组(P<0.05)。证实本试验构建的2种牛分枝杆菌DNA疫苗可有效诱导实验动物产生体液免疫和细胞免疫应答。     

冠状动脉粥样斑块中C-反应蛋白的免疫组化研究

目的探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块中C-反应蛋白(CRP)对冠心病猝死(SCD)的诊断意义。方法从本教研室2001~2004年尸检案例中挑选68例案例资料和心脏标本,分为3组A组SCD(27例);B组冠心病非猝死者(21例);C组无明显动脉粥样硬化病变的死者(20例);应用免疫组化染色(SABC法)和图像分析技术,检测每例冠状动脉左前降支和右主支粥样硬化斑块内的CRP染色情况,并对所得数据进行统计分析。结果A组有20例CRP免疫组化染色强阳性,6例呈较强阳性,1例为弱阳性;B组中3例呈较弱阳性,11例微弱阳性,7例为阴性;C组均未见阳性反应。结论检测冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块中的CRP对SCD的死后诊断具有一定意义。     

单管实时PCR快速检验ABO基因型

目的建立快捷特异的ABO基因分型检测方法。方法根据ABO基因结构特点,设计特异性引物和四色双链探针,采用单管实时PCR方法检测ABO基因,结果与传统免疫学方法相对比。结果该方法可检出常见的3个等位基因,区分常见的6种基因型,全部检测过程可在100min内完成。110例中国人的随机个体定型结果与传统免疫学方法一致。结论实时PCR法进行ABO基因分型,简便快捷,灵敏度高,可以有效地为侦查破案服务。     

鉴定与司法鉴定概念的引入及其演进研究

本文结合史料,对汉语和我国法律中的“鉴定”与“司法鉴定”两个词语的来源与演变进行了回顾和分析。同时,还对鉴定一词当初引入法律和司法鉴定法律界定产生的历史和现实意义进行了初步阐述。     

Appeals to Reason

This article considers how statistical reasoning changes conceptions of evidence and proof. Beginning with three Court of Appeal judgments in which proof is quantified, it traces the implications of statistical ways of thinking about proof through the law of criminal evidence. This leads to the bizarre conclusion that proof is, by and large, impossible. The argument then takes a more constructive turn. The way in which the presumption of innocence is conceptualised in statistical argument is criticised and it is suggested that proof depends on a precondition of trust in the way suspects are selected by the police. For that trust to be deserved, police suspects must be chosen in a legitimate manner.