公安业务费保障体制的沿革与启示

新中国成立以来 ,公安机关先后实行过“垂直统一”和“分级管理”两种业务经费保障体制。公安业务经费保障体制的沿革给今后的公安经费管理工作提供了以下几点启示 :国家财政体制是公安业务经费保障体制确立的基础 ;法制建设的完善为公安业务经费保障体制框架的确立提供了法律依据 ;顾全大局、立足长远、保障公安事业发展是公安业务经费保障体制确立的根本出发点 ;大力发展本地区经济是缓解公安业务经费“供需矛盾”的唯一有效办法 ;公安业务经费保障体制框架的确立是公安经费保障建设的新起点。     

PRAXIS--combined mu-Raman and mu-XRF spectrometers in the examination of forensic samples

A major role of forensic entomology is to estimate the post-mortem interval. An entomologist's estimate of post-mortem interval is based on a series of generally valid assumptions, error in any of which can alter the accuracy of an estimate. The initial process of collecting and preserving maggots can itself lead to error, as can the method of killing and preservation. Since circumstances exist where it is not possible to rear maggots, methods of killing and preservation can be vital to preserving the integrity of entomological evidence. In this study, a number of preservation techniques used at crime scenes and in mortuaries were examined, and their effect on feeding third-instar larvae of Calliphora augur and Lucilia cuprina evaluated. The preservatives used were 70, 75, 80, 90 and 100% EtOH, Kahle's solution and 10% formalin. Each treatment was replicated three times. The effect of handling on first- and second-instar, feeding and post-feeding third-instar larvae of C. augur was also examined and compared to unhandled controls. Finally, the effects of preservatives were noted when larvae of C. augur and L. cuprina were placed into preservatives alive. It was found that continued handling is detrimental to specimens because preservative evaporates from both the vial and the specimens. No single preservative type was found to be entirely suitable for both species if DNA retrieval is desired. Specimens placed into most preservatives alive exhibited adverse colour changes, desiccation, sunkeness and agglomeration. It is concluded that the reaction to preservative type might be species specific and that different instars of the same species might also react differently.