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排序方式: 共有123条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Using international data for 100 countries, we test two hypotheses derived from Bonger's Marxian theory of crime. The analyses support the hypothesis that the degree of capitalism significantly predicts homicide rates, but they fail to confirm that the de‐moralization of the population (loss of moral feelings for others) mediates the relationship between capitalism and homicide. Although capitalism is not the best predictor among those considered, overall, the results underline the importance of Bonger's ideas because both capitalism and corruption (our indicator of de‐moralization) show reasonably strong relationships with homicide rates and compete with other variables commonly used as predictors of international homicide rates. The results confirm the usefulness of attempting to subject Marxian ideas to positivist, quantitative tests, with an eye to integrating Marxian theories with other mainstream theories, such as institutional anomie theory. 相似文献
2.
Christopher Birkbeck 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2005,11(3-4):321-346
Crime prevention is an activity that, sooner or later, requires the concourse of science. But the dictates of science may
not mesh well with the social, institutional and political considerations that are persistent and powerful determinants of
collective action. To the extent that they are ignored, crime prevention is less scientific and more pragmatic. Using a marketing
metaphor, this paper examines selected aspects of the supply of and demand for scientific crime prevention in Canada and Venezuela
from 1949 to the present. In both countries, academic entrepreneurs are revealed to be a necessary factor in the sale of crime
prevention to government. On the demand side, governments adopt and adapt crime prevention policies in relation to their broader
perspective on social problems and social change. However, rising crime rates and climates of urgency reduce the attractiveness
of crime prevention. Scientific crime prevention is easier to sell when crime rates are stable or declining. 相似文献
3.
Itiel E. Dror Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2020,65(4):1034-1039
Establishing error rates is crucial for knowing how well one is performing, determining whether improvement is needed, measuring whether interventions are effective, as well as for providing transparency. However, the flurry of activities in establishing error rates for the forensic sciences has largely overlooked some fundamental issues that make error rates a problematic construct and limit the ability to obtain a meaningful error rate. These include knowing the ground truth, establishing appropriate databases, determining what counts as an error, characterizing what is an acceptable error rate, ecological validity, and transparency within the adversarial legal system. Without addressing these practical and theoretical challenges, the very notion of a meaningful error rate is limited. 相似文献
4.
Byunghwan Son 《The Pacific Review》2018,31(5):573-597
Existing theories on real exchange rates predict a significant undervaluation of the Korean won (KRW) in the early and mid-1990s. The paper demonstrates why this expectation did not materialize and instead an unprecedentedly large degree of overvaluation took place. Focusing on three variables, namely, financial repression, devaluation pass-through, and policy exhibitionism, the paper examines how the unraveling of the developmental state eventually gave rise to the 1990s’ overvaluation. It argues that the policy exhibitionism of the new civilian government amplified the influence of Chaebol on monetary policies, which in turn created a strong appreciative force to KRW. It also contends that the increasing exchange rate pass-through onto the prices of imported intermediate goods explains why Chaebol did not desire to tame the excessive appreciative trend despite its detrimental effect on their exports. The paper offers policy implications for other state-led, emerging economies. 相似文献
5.
Dennie Oude Nijhuis 《Labor History》2017,58(5):587-610
One of the main problems confronting labor unions during wage bargaining is how to deal with the conflicting demands of different groups of workers over the division of labor market earnings. This article explains how their internal organizational blueprint determines how they deal with this and criticizes the scholarly preoccupation with union density and wage bargaining centralization as explanatory variables for cross-national and temporal variation in wage inequality. It does so based on a critical analysis of collective bargaining in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom during the first four decades of the postwar period. 相似文献
6.
Police officers served as public health sentinels to collect data on children exposed to domestic violence across an entire
municipality for 1 year. This study extended research by investigating a typology of domestic violence crimes and children’s
direct sensory exposure to these types. Police officers used a standard, validated protocol to collect data on all substantiated
domestic violence. Findings revealed that almost half of all events had children present, and 81% of these children were directly
exposed to the violence. Children under the age of 6 years old were at greater risk of exposure. Identified domestic violence
households with children were more likely to be low-income, non-White, and headed by a single female, compared to households
at large. Cluster analysis revealed seven domestic violence event profiles. Typology showed that children were disproportionately
exposed to the most unstable and dangerous profiles including weapon use, mutual assault, and substance abuse. 相似文献
7.
Megan H. Bair-Merritt William C. Holmes John H. Holmes Jamie Feinstein Chris Feudtner 《Journal of family violence》2008,23(5):325-332
We sought to determine whether intimate partner violence (IPV) risk factors differed depending upon the presence of children
in the home, and to estimate the annual prevalence of IPV first in the general population and then in homes with and without
children. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional random sample of 6,836 women in southeastern Pennsylvania interviewed by
telephone in 2004. The magnitude of association between IPV and risk factors varied between homes with and without children
for women’s alcohol problems (with children, odds ratio (OR) 7.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9, 20.9; without children,
OR 2.4; 95% CI 0.9, 6.0), and mental health problems (with children, OR 4.0; 95% CI 1.8, 8.9; without children, OR 3.0; 95%
CI 1.6, 5.7). Poverty was significantly associated with IPV only in homes without children (OR 3.6; 95% CI 1.9, 7.2). Annual
IPV prevalence was 1.2% overall, 1.4% in homes with children, and 1.1% in homes without children. One in 63 children lived
in a home with IPV. Differences in IPV risk factors in homes with and without children suggest distinct underlying IPV mechanisms
or consequences in these contexts. 相似文献
8.
Addressing the methodological shortcomings of extant research on the racial invariance thesis, race‐specific rates of intimate assault are examined across census tracts in Hamilton County, Ohio. We extend Miles‐Doan's (1998) approach to examining neighborhood structural effects on intimate assault rates in order to test the racial invariance thesis. Findings reveal comparable effects of neighborhood disadvantage and population age structure on assault rates for African‐American males and white males, yet a stronger effect of “disinvestment” (in marriage and in neighborhoods) on rates for African‐Americans. These results conflict with previous city‐level analyses demonstrating stronger structural effects on other violent crime rates for whites. 相似文献
9.
Glenn D. Deane 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》1987,3(3):215-227
Cross-sectional studies of crime have typically relied on crude crime rates when making comparisons between countries. Crude rates control for population size but implicitly assume that all members of the population are equally at risk. Empirical studies have shown that, cross-nationally, risk varies by age and sex. Standardization of crime rates removes the confounding effects of variable age and sex population distributions. Since age/sex-specific crime rates are generally unavailable for many countries, the method of indirect standardization is the most desirable technique. Age/sex-adjusted homicide rates for 76 countries are presented, and two comparative measures are suggested. It is shown that while the United States has a higher homicide rate than all but 15 countries; in most cases, the magnitude of the difference, not controlling for age/sex differences, is overestimated. Crude rates underestimate differences between the United States and countries with higher rates of homicide. 相似文献
10.
Victimization incidence rates produced from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) are a generally accepted annual
indicator of the amount and type of crime in the United States. However, persons who report a large number of similar victimizations—known
as series victimizations in the NCVS—are currently excluded in government reports of annual violent victimizations. This paper
quantifies the effect of series incident counting procedures on national estimates of violent victimization. The findings
suggest that these high-volume repeat victims can have a significant impact on the magnitude and distribution of violent victimization.
Current government counting rules that exclude series incidents do not include about three out of every five violent victimizations
and distorts the characterization and risk of violence in the United States. However, the inclusion of series incidents introduces
significant estimate instability. One remedy is to use prevalence rates in concert with incidence rates to present a more
complete and reliable picture of victimization.
相似文献
Michael PlantyEmail: |