猪体恩诺沙星内服和肌注途径给药排泄规律的比较

给10头猪分别按体重5 mg／kg单剂量内服和肌注恩诺沙星。采集自然排泄的猪粪、尿,用高效液相-荧光法测定恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星浓度,计算采样间隔内单位时间药物排泄量占给药量的比例,比较2种不同给药途径原形药物和环丙沙星的排泄规律。结果显示,2种给药途径对恩诺沙星和环丙沙星总排泄量的影响不显著,仅对药物排泄量与时间之间的关系产生影响; 2种给药途径的试验猪粪样中恩诺沙星的排泄量均高于尿样;内服与肌注给药后96 h内,粪和尿中检出的环丙沙星分别占给药量的3．93％和4．02％,累积排泄的恩诺沙星和环丙沙星之和分别占给药量的9．89％(内服)和9．57％(肌注)。     

益气补肾化瘀方治疗早期糖尿病肾病临床观察

目的 观察益气补肾化瘀方治疗早期糖尿病肾病的临床疗效。方法 将64例早期糖尿病肾病患者分为对照组和治疗组,每组32例。对照组服用缬沙坦,治疗组服用缬沙坦和益气补肾化瘀方,疗程均为12周。比较两组治疗前后中医证候积分、血糖、血压、尿白蛋白排泄率（urinary albumin excretion rate,UAER）、24h尿蛋白定量(24-hour urine protein, 24hUP)、尿白蛋白与尿肌酐比值（urine albumin to creatinine ratio,UACR）变化情况。结果 治疗组临床疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与治疗前比较,治疗组治疗后中医证候积分显著下降(P＜0.05),治疗组治疗后中医证候积分降低值显著大于对照组(P＜0.05)。与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose,FPG）、收缩压、UAER、24hUP、UACR均显著降低(P＜0.05）,治疗组治疗后FPG、UAER、24hUP、UACR降低值显著大于对照组(P＜0.05）。结论 益气补肾化瘀方可提高早期糖尿病肾病患者的临床疗效,减少尿蛋白。     

Exploring the consequences of prolonged pretrial incarceration: evidence from a local jurisdiction in the Philippines

Prolonged pretrial incarceration is a key issue facing the criminal justice systems of many developing countries. Detainees stay in jail for years while undergoing trial but are still unconvicted. However, little is known about the consequences of this troubling phenomenon. Informed by relevant prison and criminological theories, this paper analyses jail official data and qualitative interviews from detainees in a local jurisdiction in the Philippines to understand the magnitude and consequences of prolonged pretrial incarceration. Results suggest the emergence of a legally cynical view of the criminal justice system shared by the detainees. These sentiments likely serve as bases for popular opinions that justify use of violence and vigilante justice on offender populations. Implications on judicial and penal reforms in the Philippines are discussed.     

Pholcodine interference in the immunoassay for opiates in urine

The excretion in urine after single oral therapeutic doses of morphine derivatives was analysed with radioimmunoassay (RIA) and homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) for opiates. In contrast to the rapid excretion of ethylmorphine and codeine, pholcodine showed positive results for opiates 2-6 weeks after intake when the urines were analysed with the RIA-method. When analysed with the EMIT-method, positive results were obtained for pholcodine for approximately 10 days. As pholcodine is a common component in cough mixtures, its prolonged excretion could represent a hazard in interpreting the results from drug analyses of urines.     

Social Agency, Spatial Practices, and Power: The Micro-foundations of Fragmented Sovereignty in the Occupied Territories

The study of the relationships among social agency, spatial practices, and political power opens new directions for empirical inquiry and theorization of current modalities of sovereignty. Yet, recent research has overemphasized external variables, such as globalization and international forces, as conditioners of sovereignty and state power, with diminished attention on national and local realms. In the following article, I investigate state power beyond the limits of its official boundaries, by examining how intruder states produce, manage, and sustain effective authority over occupied territories and populations. I use the example of the Israeli occupation in the West Bank to demonstrate how such cases of political authority are based on fragmented sovereignty: comprised of multiple, localized, and relatively autonomous cores of power, instead of an all-encompassing structural and centralized modality of control. I propose that fragmented sovereignty is shaped and operated through the increasing autonomous power of ground level state agents and in the ways spatial perceptions and practices are interwoven into localized political processes.