Advance notice as a means of reducing relative deprivation

Considerable research has documented that global perceptions of proceduralv fairness are associated with reductions in relative deprivation (RD). Less research has examined the specific process elements that lead individuals to perceive procedural fairness. In view of this, several researchers have suggested that providing advance notice concerning a negative decision increases perceived justice and thereby lowers levels of RD. Unfortunately, the evidence for this causal relationship is currently limited and is based upon a small number of correlation and role-playing studies. Thus, the present paper reports on two experimental studies that investigate the causal relationship between advance notice and RD. Findings in Study 1 showed that advance notice impacted the cognitive aspects of RD but not the affective or behavioral aspects. However, some methodological limitations were identified. These were corrected and a second experiment was conducted. This time advance notice lowered both the cognitive and affective aspects of RD but still did not impact the behavioral measure. Results are discussed in terms of Tyler's (1987) group value model.     

NO COMMUNITY IS AN ISLAND: THE EFFECTS OF RESOURCE DEPRIVATION ON URBAN VIOLENCE IN SPATIALLY AND SOCIALLY PROXIMATE COMMUNITIES*

The link between resource deprivation and urban violence has long been explored in criminological research. Studies, however, have largely ignored the potential for resource deprivation in particular communities to affect rates of violence in others. The relative inattention is notable because of the strong theoretical grounds to anticipate influences that extend both to geographically contiguous areas and to those that, though not contiguous, share similar social characteristics. We argue that such influences—what we term spatial and social proximity effects, respectively—constitute a central feature of community dynamics. To support this argument, we develop and test theoretically derived hypotheses about spatial and social proximity effects of resource deprivation on aggregated and disaggregated homicide counts. Our analyses indicate that local area resource deprivation contributes to violence in socially proximate communities, an effect that, in the case of instrumental homicides, is stronger when such communities are spatially proximate. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for theories focused on community‐level social processes and violence, and for policies aimed at reducing crime in disadvantaged areas.     

剥夺政治权利执行难问题探讨

在社区矫正工作中,剥夺政治权利执行难问题反映突出.本文主要从社区矫正制度和剥夺政治权利这一刑罚制度两方面检视剥夺政治权利执行难的原因,同时就剥夺政治权利执行难问题的解决提出了一些建议.     

相对贫困是外来人口犯罪的一个重要因素

贫困是导致犯罪的重要原因。相对贫困导致外来人口犯罪的客观原因包括经济因素、控制机制因素、地缘因素、就业因素和社会消极因素;主现原因包括心理承受力和心态、受教育程度。外来人口犯罪的特点表现为作案手段简单,随意性和流动性大,以宗亲或同乡关系为纽带结伙作案。作案类型主要是盗窃、抢劫、诈骗和伤害。抑制外来人口犯罪应发展经济,有效地控制贫富差距,防止两级分化;坚持精神文明与物质文明一起抓,保持社会全面、协调地发展;教育农民;完善城市治安防范控制机制。     

桃红四物汤含药血清对缺糖缺氧损伤PC12细胞的保护作用

目的 探讨桃红四物汤含药血清对缺糖缺氧（oxygen glucose deprivation,OGD）损伤的PC12细胞的保护作用及其机制。 方法 采用连二亚硫酸钠（Na2S2O4）联合低糖培养基建立体外OGD致PC12细胞损伤模型;分别给予不同浓度的桃红四物汤含药血清,以MTT法检测细胞存活率,倒置显微镜观察细胞形态学变化;检测乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase,LDH）和超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性及丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量;观察Hoechst33258染色后的细胞形态学变化;Western blot法检测给药后细胞Caspase-3蛋白的表达。 结果 与空白血清对照组相比,经OGD损伤后,细胞活力显著降低,桃红四物汤含药血清可减轻PC12细胞形态损伤,显著提高SOD活力,降低MDA和LDH含量,降低Caspase-3蛋白表达;Hoechst 33258染色结果表明桃红四物汤含药血清能降低OGD诱导的细胞凋亡。 结论 桃红四物汤含药血清对OGD诱导的PC12细胞损伤具有保护作用,其机制与提高SOD活力和降低MDA含量有关。     

律师会见权检视——以看守所为视角简

看守所在刑事诉讼中具有稀缺性,故可以通过观察刑事辩护在看守所中的运行检视刑事诉讼法的执行状态.看守所、侦查机关均存在基于查明犯罪事实、惩罚犯罪分子的价值取向而限制或者变相剥夺刑事辩护律师会见权的现象.刑事辩护律师会见权被限制或者变相剥夺或许存在刑事诉讼法确定的辩护制度虚置、法律共同体面临撕毁、法治信仰难于形成的社会管理风险.     

From the Cycle of Deprivation to Social Exclusion: Five Continues

One important aspect of Tony Blair's speech on social exclusion, given to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in York on 5 September 2006, has been ignored-that its content was prefigured by Sir Keith Joseph, in his famous 'cycle of deprivation' speech, on 29 June 1972. This article seeks to explore these continuities over the past thirty-four years, tracing similarities and differences between the two speeches. Moreover, it also reflects on the earlier Joseph speech and subsequent Research Programme, to see where government policies on social exclusion might lead. The article argues that while earlier writers have acknowledged the intellectual debt that New Labour owes to Joseph, and noted similarities between current policy approaches to child poverty and earlier debates about transmitted deprivation, recent moves on social exclusion mean that these continuities are now more striking than ever before.     

建构我国流动人口权益保障体制的几点思考--从王斌余案看流动人口的权益保障

流动人口犯罪率居高不下,其重要原因就是相对剥夺感的产生,而流动人口合法权益严重受损导致相对剥夺感强烈加剧,最终引发了犯罪。因此,建构流动人口权益保障机制,防止相对剥夺感加剧,对减少预防流动人口犯罪刻不容缓。     

量刑事实证明初论

量刑活动与定罪活动的相对独立性,决定了量刑事实的构成、量刑证据、量刑事实的证明要求以及量刑事实的运用等不同于定罪事实。量刑事实的证明一般奉行"谁主张,谁举证"原则,罪重事实的证明应达到排除合理怀疑标准,罪轻事实的证明达到优势证据标准即可。     

回到马克思：解开剥削问题的死结

马克思将剩余价值分解为初始剩余价值、绝对剩余价值和相对剩余价值三个组成部分,其中相对剩余价值是资本通过提高劳动生产力得到的,不是靠剥削工人的劳动得来的。因此,资本家占有相对剩余价值不是剥削,不能滥用剩余价值率来衡量剥削程度。但在现实中,剩余价值三个组成部分之间的界限是模糊的,劳资双方为争取各自的利益展开博弈。政府的作为在于用法令缩短工作日,限制剥削,促进全社会劳动生产力的提高。