从文本注释到文化传播——由莫言短篇小说的日译本谈起

藤井省三和吉田富夫为莫言作品的日本译介做出了巨大贡献，但二者的译本在翻译策略、语言风格、以及细节构成上存在着诸多差异。单就“注释”而论，藤井省三较多关注对中国历史文化现象的解释，吉田富夫则把重心放在了词汇本身，这种注释策略的差异也在日本读者中间产生了不同的反应，影响了各自译本的传播和接受。由此，从传播学的角度来看，中国作品外译应该遵循“读者优先”原则，在挑选适当原本的基础上，平衡“异化”和“归化”的比例，加强中外译者的交流合作，采用贴近对象国读者的表述，以便更好地推进中国文化“走出去”战略。     

From Text Annotation to Cultural Communication——from the Japanese Translation of Mo Yan's Short Stories

Syozou Fujii and Tomio Yosida have made great contributions to the translation and introduction of Mo Yan's works in Japan.However, there are many differences in translation strategies, language styles and other details between the two versions.As far as "annotation" is concerned, Fujii has paid more attention to the explanation of Chinese historical and cultural phenomena, while Yosida has focused on the vocabulary itself. This difference in annotation strategies has also produced different reactions among Japanese readers, affecting the dissemination and acceptance of their respective translations.Therefore, from the perspective of communication, the translation of Chinese works should follow the principle of "reader first", balance the proportion of alienation and domestication, strengthen the communication and cooperation between Chinese and foreign translators, and adopt the expression close to the readers of the target country, so as to better promote the "going out" of Chinese culture.     

Age estimation in children by measurement of carpals and epiphyses of radius and ulna and open apices in teeth: a pilot study

Estimation of skeletal age using radiographic images is widely used in assessing biological growth in clinical and auxological studies. The most frequently used areas for age estimation in children and adolescents are tooth and wrist/hand, both giving good results with only a low level of radiation. This pilot study of a sample of 150 Italian children and adolescents aged between 5 and 15 years focused on analyzing the possible applications of the proportion of carpal area (Ca) and teeth mineralization as a criterion of age estimation. The regression model, describing age as a linear function of gender (g), the ratio between carpal bones area and carpal area (Bo/Ca) and the measurement of open apices, yielded the following equation [Formula in text]. The model explained 93% of the total variance (R(2)=0.93), the median of the absolute values of residuals (observed age minus predicted age) was 0.465 years, with an inter-quartile range (IQR) equalling 0.529 years, and a standard error of estimate of 0.73 years.     

辽宁地区汉族成人切牙、侧切牙、尖牙的性别差异

本文用自动显示游标卡尺，对中国辽宁地区汉族成人切牙、侧切牙、尖牙（508颗）的根长、冠长、冠宽、颈宽、冠厚及颈厚六项指标进行了测量，得到了辽宁地区汉族成人切牙、侧切牙及尖牙的这六项指标的测量值，与王惠芸的测量结果进行了比较，并阐明了切牙、侧切牙及尖牙的性别差异。     

A more efficient extraction method of human bone resulting in improved DNA profiling

Eight human bone samples, from a forensic case, were extracted in parallel using our standard protocol with and without PTB in the buffer. Both methods were sometimes inadequate for (complete) STR profiling, while the presence of PTB even decreases the DNA yield.The complete decalcification of the bone extraction residues in an EDTA-solution with SDS recovered sufficient amounts of DNA, which resulted in complete STR profiling for all samples. Complete decalcification without SDS yielded even higher amounts of DNA and also complete STR profiling for all samples.Similar results were obtained for the DNA extraction from a human tooth.     

根据维吾尔族牙磨耗度推断年龄的研究

收集新疆维吾尔族 2 80例牙磨耗度的资料 ,应用多元逐步回归方法获得 3 4个推断年龄回归方程。为应用方便 ,将这些方程转化成推断年龄表。回归方程的相关系数 (R)为 0 71～ 0 92 ,Fs =3 4～ 5 44>F0 0 1,t =17～ 2 5 >t0 0 1,则P <0 0 1。与实际年龄相比 ,其准确性为 3 7 5 0 %～ 65 3 6%± 3岁 ,5 6 73 %～ 78 93 %± 5岁 ,73 93 %～ 88 5 %± 7岁。     

The last Viking King: a royal maternity case solved by ancient DNA analysis

The last of the Danish Viking Kings, Sven Estridsen, died in a.d. 1074 and is entombed in Roskilde Cathedral with other Danish kings and queens. Sven's mother, Estrid, is entombed in a pillar across the chancel. However, while there is no reasonable doubt about the identity of Sven, there have been doubts among historians whether the woman entombed was indeed Estrid. To shed light on this problem, we have extracted and analysed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from pulp of teeth from each of the two royals. Four overlapping DNA-fragments covering about 400bp of hypervariable region 1 (HVR-1) of the D-loop were PCR amplified, cloned and a number of clones with each segment were sequenced. Also a segment containing the H/non-H specific nucleotide 7028 was sequenced. Consensus sequences were determined and D-loop results were replicated in an independent laboratory. This allowed the assignment of King Sven Estridsen to haplogroup H; Estrid's sequence differed from that of Sven at two positions in HVR-1, 16093T-->C and 16304T-->C, indicating that she belongs to subgroup H5a. Given the maternal inheritance of mtDNA, offspring will have the same mtDNA sequence as their mother with the exception of rare cases where the sequence has been altered by a germ line mutation. Therefore, the observation of two sequence differences makes it highly unlikely that the entombed woman was the mother of Sven. In addition, physical examination of the skeleton and the teeth strongly indicated that this woman was much younger (approximately 35 years) at the time of death than the 70 years history records tell. Although the entombed woman cannot be the Estrid, she may well be one of Sven's two daughters-in-law who were also called Estrid and who both became queens.     

Mini-STRs: A powerful tool to identify genetic profiles in samples with small amounts of DNA

Degraded human remains and crime scene evidences with small amounts of DNA typically reveal incomplete or null genetic profiles when using standard (large) STR amplicons. The technology of mini-STRs, using reduced-size STR amplicons, can help to recover information from these samples. In our Forensic Genetic Service several genetic profiles were obtained or completed using MiniFiler kit (Applied Biosystems) increasing the success rate in sample typing. In all studied cases no inconsistencies were found between profiles obtained with MiniFiler and Identifiler, suggesting that this mini-STR kit can be used to include low copy number (LCN) evidence profiles in STR databases.