履行迟延的合同解除规则释论

针对主给付义务的履行迟延,符合我国《民法典》第563条第1款第3项、第4项的构成要件即可解除合同。符合我国《民法典》第563条第1款第3项之情形,直接落入“主要债务”的文义射程。合同解除法上的广义附随义务囊括了传统“债法上之义务群”中的狭义的附随义务与从给付义务,只有迟延履行广义附随义务不符合合同目的,方落入“主要债务”的射程,此时需将“主要债务”进行目的性扩张解释。在履行迟延中,应将我国《民法典》第563条第1款第4项作目的性限缩解释,并可采用类推适用违约损害赔偿的可预见性规则予以适用。就合同目的不能实现之判断,以公式来表明,即为“重大违约(需结合个案判断)+并非债务人订约时不可预见或不可认识(当事人主观标准+理性人标准)=合同目的不能实现”。可预见性的判断时点为合同订立时。不能实现合同目的的举证责任原则上由主张根本违约之一方当事人负担,但在如合同已明定给付日期等无争议之重要事项之场合,当事人无需负担举证责任。履行迟延中的合同解除权之发生不以债务人的可归责性为必要。在解释上,应当认为我国《民法典》第563条第1款第3项适用于非定期行为,我国《民法典》第563条第1款第4项适用于定期行为。关于相对的定期行为之成立,除有“履行期日严守”要件之外,还须结合合同目的予以判断。     

Raised By a Predator: Sex Offender Parents and an Effort To Keep Them Out of the Child's Home

Registered sex offenders are obligated to comply with rules put forth by their state's registry. While there are stringent guidelines regarding the offender's interaction with the public, a sex offender's ability to obtain custody of their child is less rigid. Statutes differ on the level of scrutiny referencing their right to parent, which leaves an opening for offenders to abuse their child. This Note proposes the adoption of a model statute in which registered Tier III sex offender parents who were convicted for a crime involving a minor are precluded from gaining physical or legal custody of their child.     

卧底侦查特征性分析

任意侦查与强制侦查的划分标准、卧底侦查遵循的比例原则及卧底侦查的立法与实践都显示出卧底侦查的强制性特点。而卧底侦查人员身份的隐秘与卧底侦查方式的非公开性决定了卧底侦查的隐秘性特征。从卧底侦查启动与犯罪的同步性上看，卧底侦查具有主动性特征。而卧底侦查过程中对其他侦查手段的综合性运用则彰显出卧底侦查手段的融合性特点。卧底侦查客观环境的复杂性与卧底警察在卧底过程中的被动性决定了卧底侦查行动终止的不可预期性，即终止具有随机性特点。     

消胚散结汤的抗早孕作用及对大鼠胚胎发育的影响

用３种不同浓度的消胚散结汤给早期妊娠大鼠灌胃，观察其抗早孕作用及对流产失败后幸存胚胎发育的影响，结果表明，消胚散结汤具有良好的抗早孕效果，３个浓度组完全流产率达８２．８６％，９０．６３％和９３．７５％，与西药组９２．５９％，无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），流产失败后，高浓度组幸存活胎率比对照组有显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０５），但活胎体重，身长，尾长３项生长发育指标及宫内生长迅缓（ＩＵＧＲ）发生率均与对照组无     

历史的终结还是崭新的一页——关于21世纪社会主义在全球化时代的变革与使命

当代世界存在着"两幅图景"和"两种裂变",即当代发达资本主义的相对繁荣和全球资本主义的困境、世界社会主义面临的重大挫折以及一些社会主义国家在全球化进程中迎接挑战的改革和开创的新局面;世界资本主义内部出现的深刻的价值裂痕、世界社会主义内部两种理论与运动的分道扬镳."两幅图景"和"两种裂变"所揭示的不是西方自由主义者所认定的历史终结,而是世界社会主义与资本主义两种制度博弈历史尤其是社会主义历史进程的崭新一页,是对面向21世纪的社会主义在全球化进程中的使命提出的新要求."两幅图景"和"两种裂变"展示了当代资本主义的强势地位和社会主义环境的深刻巨变,也展示了资本主义世界历史体系的长期性、矛盾性和社会主义发展历程的光明性、曲折性.面对21世纪持续加速的全球化进程,面对社会主义又一轮崭新的历史进程,当代马克思主义者肩负着崭新的历史使命.     

Compensation for Commercial Agents

This note examines the decision of the House of Lords in Lonsdale (t/a Lonsdale Agencies) v Howard & Hallam Limited ¹ where the House of Lords were asked to rule on the correct method to be applied when calculating the compensation of commercial agents ² under Regulation 17 of The Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 1993 ³ (the Regulations). This ruling settles this aspect of the law in England and Wales after almost fifteen years of legal and commercial uncertainty on the matter.     

合同终止辨析

我国合同法误将终止与消灭混为一谈 ,实则终止乃消灭的原因之一 ,二者处于不同的逻辑层面。终止的科学含义是指一方当事人依照单方意思表示使继续性合同效力向将来消灭。终止与解除是一对并列概念。二者均为因行使形成权而导致合同提前消灭 ,但在溯及效力、适用对象以及发生原因三个方面各不相同。合同法相应的条款应予修改与完善 ,总则中应增加随时终止的规定     

The Elective and Automatic Theories of Termination in the Common Law of the Contract of Employment: Conundrum Resolved?

If a party to an employment contract commits a repudiatory dismissal or resignation, it has long been unclear whether the other party has the option either to terminate or affirm the contract (the elective theory) or whether the former's breach operates to bring the contract of employment to an end (the automatic theory). The recent decision of the Supreme Court in Société Générale (London Branch) v Geys has finally resolved this question. By a majority, the Supreme Court held that the elective theory also applies in the context of a wrongful repudiation of the employment contract by express dismissal or resignation. This note examines the significance of Geys in the context of the common law of the contract of employment and evaluates whether a number of related issues surrounding the breach and termination of the employment contract have been resolved.     

问题与误读:刑事缺席审判制度质疑

当出现涉案人、犯罪嫌疑人、被告人死亡、逃跑或者丧失诉讼行为能力等情形时,案件将处于不立案、诉讼中止或者终止的状态。在这些诉讼状态下,如何处理涉案的非法财产,是一个亟待解决的问题。在我国签署《联合国反腐败公约》的背景下,构建刑事缺席审判制度似乎成了一个没有争议的选择。然而,该制度在理论上有其不可克服的缺陷,只有适当将物的处理与人的处理相分离,完善我国的刑事没收程序,才是当前解决相关问题的有效途径。     

STATE LAW AND THE TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS

This paper presents the findings from a content analysis of state laws authorizing the termination of parental rights. The analysis yielded a taxonomy of termination criteria and it identified those criteria that were most widely adopted by the states. State termination criteria were compared to those listed in the Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) of 1997. The comparison shows that state laws identify more types of termination criteria than are listed in ASFA. In addition, criteria related to neglect and “parental failure” were often ambiguous and lacked detail. The study identifies possible directions for research on state termination law.