脾虚大鼠下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴功能的变化

目的：研究脾虚状态时下丘脑－垂体－甲状腺轴功能的变化。方法：成年SD大鼠32只随机分为4组，每组8只，即正常组、脾虚组、治疗组、自复组。采用放射免疫分析法测定各组大鼠下丘脑、血清TRH，垂体、血清TSH及血清T3、T4、FT3、FT4、γT3的含量。结果：（1）脾虚组、自复组大鼠血清T3、T4、FT3、FT4以及下丘脑TRH、垂体TSH含量均较正常组、治疗组低，有极显差异（P＜0．01）；血清TRH、TSH含量均较正常组、治疗组高，有极显差异（P＜0．01）。（2）治疗组大鼠上述指标与正常组无显性差异。结论：脾虚时下丘脑、垂体、甲状腺合成、分泌及调控功能低下，各级反馈不能使各层次激素水平恢复正常，部分反映了脾虚证的本质；健脾益气的四君子汤能修复下丘脑－垂体－甲状腺轴功能的损伤。     

Investigating the Postmortem Molecular Biology of Cartilage and its Potential Forensic Applications

This study investigated the postmortem molecular changes that articular cartilage undergoes following burial. Fresh pig trotters were interred in 30‐cm‐deep graves at two distinct locations exhibiting dissimilar soil environments for up to 42 days. Extracts of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint cartilage from trotters disinterred weekly over 6 weeks were analyzed by Western blot against the monoclonal antibody 2‐B‐6 to assess aggrecan degradation. In both soil conditions, aggrecan degradation by‐products of decreasing molecular size and complexity were observed up to 21 days postmortem. Degradation products were undetected after this time and coincided with MCP/MTP joint exposure to the soil environment. These results show that cartilage proteoglycans undergo an ordered molecular breakdown, the analysis of which may have forensic applications. This model may prove useful for use as a human model and for forensic investigations concerning crimes against animals and the mortality of endangered species.     

肋软骨刺创的实验研究

本文对不同厚度的单刃刺器在肋软骨上形成的刺创口进行了肉眼和实体显微镜下的形态学观察，发现肋软骨上的刺创口与皮肤和骨质上的刺创口有着明显的不同。观察结果表明，创口的宽度不能反映刺器的厚度。一定厚度的单刃刺器所致的肋软骨上的创口肉眼及镜下无明显的钝角特征。据此，对在肋软骨上刺器所致刺创的凶器种类的推断提出新的见解。     

蛋白酶K-Chelex100法提取肋软骨DNA技术的优化

目的优化蛋白酶K的用量和消化时间,用于提取肋软骨DNA。方法 30份肋软骨样本各取大小为0.2cm×0.3cm×0.4cm的软骨块5份,分别编为A～E组。采用不同蛋白酶K用量和消化时间的Chelex100方法,提取5组各30份软骨块DNA,进行DNA定量、采用Sinofiler试剂盒扩增后进行电泳检测,采用非参数检验法比较检验成功率。结果 A～E组样本中采用加入2μL蛋白酶K并消化30min的D组方法成功率最高(96.7%),组间差异具有统计学意义。结论采用蛋白酶K-Chelex100方法,选择加入2μL蛋白酶K,消化30min可有效提高肋软骨DNA分型检验成功率。     

肋软骨分析检验技术在法医学中的应用

传统法医人类学对肋软骨的分析检验仅限于形态学检验.近年来,法医影像学以及分子遗传学的发展丰富了人类肋软骨的分析检验技术,并且已经能够运用于法医学实践中.本文从肋软骨的组织学特性入手,综述了近年来肋软骨在法医人类学性别判定、年龄推断等方面的研究进展,以期为同行提供借鉴和参考.     

Delimitation of the time of death by immunohistochemical detection of thyroglobulin

To improve the possibilities to delimit the time of death after longer laytime it was examined if this is possible by immunohistochemical detection of thyroglobulin. The results show that in our examination material the colloid and the follicular cells of the thyroid glands of up to 5-day-old corpses produce a positive immunoreaction towards thyroglobulin in all cases whereas none of the corpses older than 13 days show such a reaction. This means that in case of a negative immunoreaction the time of death can be assumed to lie more than 6 days before the autopsy. The fact that a negative immunoreaction occurrs consistently after 13 days leads to the conclusion that when thyroglobulin has been stained in a specimen, the death of the respective person must lie a maximum of 12 days earlier, whereby these time-limits may change in considerably different surrounding conditions.     

根据中国汉族女性甲状软骨推算年龄的研究

目的 根据中国汉族女性甲状软骨推算年龄。方法 对69例已知年龄的中国汉族女性甲状软骨进行软X线摄片和(或)普通X线摄片,从甲状软骨的摄片上选择5个与年龄变化关系较为密切的观察部位,每个部位又划分成3至6个等级,然后采用多元线性回归分析法,建立其推算年龄的数学模型。结果运用该方法推算女性甲状软骨年龄,其标准差为1.969,复相关系数为0.984。结论 本方法适用于中国汉族女性甲状软骨年龄推算,其有效年龄范围为18～60岁。     

Ossification of laryngeal structures as indicators of age

As the role of forensic anthropologists expands to the medical examiner setting, their expertise is being applied beyond the traditional dry skeletal material. In such scenarios radiographic techniques can be applied when maceration is not appropriate. This study explores the use of radiographic analysis of laryngeal structures for age-at-death determination. Isolated human laryngeal structures (n = 104) from individuals between the ages of 15 and 89 were removed at autopsy and radiographically examined. The cricoid and individual regions of the thyroid cartilage were scored according to degree of ossification, and the relationship between age and degree of ossification statistically examined. A previously published study on age-determination from thyroid ossification by Cerny was assessed for accuracy. The results of the study indicate that although a consistent sequence in the ossification of laryngeal structures exists, variations in timing does not permit narrow age range estimates. Consequently the method presented by Cerny is inaccurate and should not be used in the forensic setting.     

尸体甲状腺球蛋白降解及其与死亡时间的关系

目的探讨尸体甲状腺球蛋白降解程度与死亡时间(PM I)的关系。方法死后21d内尸体的甲状腺组织,经免疫组化(EPOS)法染色,观察甲状腺球蛋白的染色反应;对63例阳性染色的甲状腺组织(PM I≤5d)进行计算机图像分析,并对所得图像参数的数据进行统计学分析。结果PM I≤5d的甲状腺组织,甲状腺腺泡上皮细胞胞浆及甲状腺胶质中均显示了不同程度的免疫反应阳性;PM I超过12d,免疫反应阴性;经图像分析及统计学处理,其积分光密度、分布密度和目标面积与PM I之间的确定系数(R2)分别达0.9794,0.9732及0.9884。结论尸体甲状腺组织的甲状腺球蛋白降解程度随PM I不同而变化,二者呈现较强的相关性。     

A meta-analytic review of the frequency and patterning of laryngohyoid and cervical fractures in cases of suicide by hanging

The frequency and distribution of fractures are commonly utilized to assist in interpreting the manner of death. In cases of alleged suicide by hanging, however, the evidence base for the frequency and patterning of laryngohyoid and cervical vertebrae fractures resulting from such blunt force traumatic events is limited and so fractures cannot be reliably used to assist in interpreting the manner. Using meta-analytic techniques, this study aimed to estimate frequency and distribution of fractures in the context of relevant intrinsic and extrinsic variables. A systematic review of the literature identified 20 studies with relevant data (8523 cases of suicide by hanging). Meta-analyses identified the frequency and distribution of fractures present and how fracture frequency was affected by the subgroups of age, sex, completeness of suspension, ligature knot position and study design. Results indicated that fracture frequency was variable, there was no unique patterning, and high levels of heterogeneity were present in all variable sub-groups. Age was the only subgroup to show differences. Findings suggest that neck fracture frequency is inconsistent and cannot be predicted by the chosen variables. Subsequently, neck fractures in isolation should not be given weight in medico-legal interpretations of a hanging death as suicidal.